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Hernandez-Moreno G, Vijayan VM, Halloran BA, Ambalavanan N, Hernandez-Nichols AL, Bradford JP, Pillai RR, Thomas V. A plasma-3D print combined in vitro platform with implications for reliable materiobiological screening. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38873834 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02945j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Materiobiology is an emerging field focused on the physiochemical properties of biomaterials concerning biological outcomes which includes but is not limited to the biological responses and bioactivity of surface-modified biomaterials. Herein, we report a novel in vitro characterization platform for characterizing nanoparticle surface-modified 3D printed PLA scaffolds. We have introduced innovative design parameters that were practical for ubiquitous in vitro assays like those utilizing 96 and 24-well plates. Subsequently, gold and silica nanoparticles were deposited using two low-temperature plasma-assisted processes namely plasma electroless reduction (PER) and dusty plasma on 3D scaffolds. Materiobiological testing began with nanoparticle surface modification optimization on 96 well plate design 3D scaffolds. We have employed 3D laser confocal imaging and scanning electron microscopy to study the deposition of nanoparticles. It was found that the formation and distribution of the nanoparticles were time-dependent. In vitro assays were performed utilizing an osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell as a model. These cells were grown on both 96 and 24 well plate design 3D scaffolds. Subsequently, we performed different in vitro assays such as cell viability, and fluorescence staining of cytoskeletal actin and DNA incorporation. The actin cytoskeleton staining showed more homogeneity in the cell monolayer growing on the gold nanoparticle-modified 3D scaffolds than the control 3D PLA scaffold. Furthermore, the mineralization and protein adsorption experiments conducted on 96 well plate design scaffolds have shown enhanced mineralization and bovine serum albumin adsorption for the gold nanoparticle-modified scaffolds compared to the control scaffolds. Taken together, this study reports the efficacy of this new in vitro platform in conducting more reliable and efficient materiobiology studies. It is also worth mentioning that this platform has significant futuristic potential for developing as a high throughput screening platform. Such platforms could have a significant impact on the systematic study of biocompatibility and bioactive mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified 3D-printed scaffolds for tissue engineering. It would also provide unique ways to investigate mechanisms of biological responses and subsequent bioactive mechanisms for implantable biomaterials. Moreover, this platform can derive more consistent and reliable in vitro results which can improve the success rate of further in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Hernandez-Moreno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Polymers & Healthcare Materials/Devices, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1150 10th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Vineeth M Vijayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Polymers & Healthcare Materials/Devices, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1150 10th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
- Laboratory for Polymeric Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Alabama State University (ASU), 915 S Jackson Street, Montgomery, Alabama, 36104, USA.
| | - Brian A Halloran
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexandria L Hernandez-Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Centre for Free Radical Biology (CfRB), The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th St S, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John P Bradford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Polymers & Healthcare Materials/Devices, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1150 10th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Renjith R Pillai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Polymers & Healthcare Materials/Devices, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1150 10th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Polymers & Healthcare Materials/Devices, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1150 10th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
- Centre for Nanoscale Materials and Bio-integration (CNMB), The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Karthik C, Mavelil-Sam R, Thomas S, Thomas V. Cold Plasma Technology Based Eco-Friendly Food Packaging Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:230. [PMID: 38257029 PMCID: PMC10821393 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers have intrinsic drawbacks compared to traditional plastics, such as hydrophilicity, poor thermo-mechanical behaviours, and barrier characteristics. Therefore, biopolymers or their film modifications offer a chance to create packaging materials with specified properties. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) or Low temperature plasma (LTP) has a wide range of applications and has recently been used in the food industry as a potent tool for non-thermal food processing. Though its original purpose was to boost polymer surface energy for better adherence and printability, it has since become an effective technique for surface decontamination of food items and food packaging materials. These revolutionary innovative food processing methods enable the balance between the economic constraints and higher quality while ensuring food stability and minimal processing. For CAP to be considered as a viable alternative food processing technology, it must positively affect food quality. Food products may have their desired functional qualities by adjusting the conditions for cold plasma formation. Cold plasma is a non-thermal method that has little effects on the treated materials and is safe for the environment. In this review, we focus on recent cold plasma advances on various food matrices derived from plants and animals with the aim of highlighting potential applications, ongoing research, and market trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Karthik
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Rubie Mavelil-Sam
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, India;
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, India;
- Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park (TrEST), Thiruvananthapuram 695016, India
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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Karthik C, Sarngadharan SC, Thomas V. Low-Temperature Plasma Techniques in Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:524. [PMID: 38203693 PMCID: PMC10779006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma, the fourth fundamental state of matter, comprises charged species and electrons, and it is a fascinating medium that is spread over the entire visible universe. In addition to that, plasma can be generated artificially under appropriate laboratory techniques. Artificially generated thermal or hot plasma has applications in heavy and electronic industries; however, the non-thermal (cold atmospheric or low temperature) plasma finds its applications mainly in biomedicals and therapeutics. One of the important characteristics of LTP is that the constituent particles in the plasma stream can often maintain an overall temperature of nearly room temperature, even though the thermal parameters of the free electrons go up to 1 to 10 keV. The presence of reactive chemical species at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure makes LTP a bio-tolerant tool in biomedical applications with many advantages over conventional techniques. This review presents some of the important biomedical applications of cold-atmospheric plasma (CAP) or low-temperature plasma (LTP) in modern medicine, showcasing its effect in antimicrobial therapy, cancer treatment, drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, implant modifications, interaction with biomolecules, etc., and overviews some present challenges in the field of plasma medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Karthik
- Department of Materials & Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1150 10th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | | | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials & Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1150 10th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
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Singh I, Dixit K, Gupta P, George SM, Sinha N, Balani K. 3D-Printed Multifunctional Ag/CeO 2/ZnO Reinforced Hydroxyapatite-Based Scaffolds with Effective Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5210-5223. [PMID: 37955988 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional three-dimensional (3D)-printed hydroxyapatite (HA)-based constructs have limited utility in bone tissue engineering due to their poor mechanical properties, elevated risk of microbial infection, and limited pore interconnectivity. 3D printing of complex multiple components to fabricate fully interconnected scaffolds is a challenging task; here, in this work, we have developed a procedure for fabrication of printable ink for complex systems containing multinanomaterials, i.e., HAACZ (containing 1 wt % Ag, 4 wt % CeO2, and 6 wt % ZnO) with better shear thinning and shape retention properties. Moreover, 3D-printed HAACZ scaffolds showed a modulus of 143.8 GPa, a hardness of 10.8 GPa, a porosity of 59.6%, effective antibacterial properties, and a fully interconnected pore network to be an ideal construct for bone healing. Macropores with an average size of ∼469 and ∼433 μm within the scaffolds of HA and HAACZ and micropores with an average size of ∼0.6 and ∼0.5 μm within the strut of HA and HAACZ were developed. The distribution of fully interconnected micropores was confirmed using computerized tomography, whereas the distribution of micropores within the strut was visualized using Voronoi tessellation. The water contact angle studies revealed the most suitable hydrophilic range of water contact angles of ∼71.7 and ∼76.6° for HA and HAACZ, respectively. HAACZ scaffolds showed comparable apatite formation and cytocompatibility as that of HA. Antibacterial studies revealed effective antibacterial properties for the HAACZ scaffold as compared to HA. There was a decrease in bacterial cell density for HAACZ from 1 × 105 to 1.2 × 103 cells/mm2 against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and from 1.9 × 105 to 5.6 × 103 bacterial cells/mm2 against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Overall, the 3D-printed HAACZ scaffold resulted in mechanical properties, comparable to those of the cancellous bone, interconnected macro- and microporosities, and excellent antibacterial properties, which could be utilized for bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kartikeya Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suchi Mercy George
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kantesh Balani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pillai RR, Thomas V. Plasma Surface Engineering of Natural and Sustainable Polymeric Derivatives and Their Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:400. [PMID: 36679280 PMCID: PMC9863272 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, natural as well as synthetic polymers have been receiving significant attention as candidates to replace non-renewable materials. With the exponential developments in the world each day, the collateral damage to the environment is incessant. Increased demands for reducing pollution and energy consumption are the driving force behind the research related to surface-modified natural fibers (NFs), polymers, and various derivatives of them such as natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Natural fibers have received special attention for industrial applications due to their favorable characteristics, such as low cost, abundance, light weight, and biodegradable nature. Even though NFs offer many potential applications, they still face some challenges in terms of durability, strength, and processing. Many of these have been addressed by various surface modification methodologies and compositing with polymers. Among different surface treatment strategies, low-temperature plasma (LTP) surface treatment has recently received special attention for tailoring surface properties of different materials, including NFs and synthetic polymers, without affecting any of the bulk properties of these materials. Hence, it is very important to get an overview of the latest developments in this field. The present article attempts to give an overview of different materials such as NFs, synthetic polymers, and composites. Special attention was placed on the low-temperature plasma-based surface engineering of these materials for diverse applications, which include but are not limited to environmental remediation, packaging, biomedical devices, and sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Intelligent Polymeric Biomaterials Surface Driven by Plasma Processing. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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