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Shoup DN, Fan S, Zapata-Herrera M, Schorr HC, Aizpurua J, Schultz ZD. Comparison of Gap-Enhanced Raman Tags and Nanoparticle Aggregates with Polarization Dependent Super-Resolution Spectral SERS Imaging. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11422-11429. [PMID: 38958534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Strongly confined electric fields resulting from nanogaps within nanoparticle aggregates give rise to significant enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Nanometer differences in gap sizes lead to drastically different confined field strengths; so much attention has been focused on the development and understanding of nanostructures with controlled gap sizes. In this work, we report a novel petal gap-enhanced Raman tag (GERT) consisting of a bipyramid core and a nitrothiophenol (NTP) spacer to support the growth of hundreds of small petals and compare its SERS emission and localization to a traditional bipyramid aggregate. To do this, we use super resolution spectral SERS imaging that simultaneously captures the SERS images and spectra while varying the incident laser polarization. Intensity fluctuations inherent of SERS enabled super resolution algorithms to be applied, which revealed subdiffraction limited differences in the localization with respect to polarization direction for both particles. Interestingly, however, only the traditional bipyramid aggregates experienced a strong polarization dependence in their SERS intensity and in the plasmon-induced conversion of NTP to dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB), which was localized with nanometer precision to regions of intense electromagnetic fields. The lack of polarization dependence (validated through electromagnetic simulations) and surface reactions from the bipyramid-GERTs suggests that the emissions arising from the bipyramid-GERTs are less influenced by confined fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deben N Shoup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanjun Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mario Zapata-Herrera
- Center for Materials Physics in San Sebastián (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Hannah C Schorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, ESP, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Li D, Yue W, He Q, Gao P, Gong T, Luo Y, Wang C, Luo X. Single-molecule detection of SARS-CoV-2 N protein on multilayered plasmonic nanotraps with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2024; 278:126494. [PMID: 38955100 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had an unprecedented impact, both by posing a serious risk to human health and by amplifying the burden on the global economy. The rapid identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been crucial to preventing and controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this study, we propose a multilayered plasmonic nanotrap (MPNT) device for the rapid identification of single particles of SARS-CoV-2 virus in ultra-high sensitivity by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The MPNT device is composed of arrays of concentric cylindrical cavities with Ag/SiO2/Ag multilayers deposited on the top and at the bottom. By varying the diameter of the cylinders and the thickness of the multilayers, the resonant optical absorption and local electric field were optimized. The SERS enhancement factors of the proposed device are of the order of 108, which enable the rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in concentrations as low as 1.25 × 10-15-12.5 × 10-15 g mL-1 within 1 min. The developed MPNT SERS device provides a label-free and rapid detection platform for SARS-CoV-2 virus. The general nature of the device makes it equally suitable to detect other infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Li
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weisheng Yue
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiong He
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Tiancheng Gong
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changtao Wang
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Wang W, Srivastava S, Garg A, Xiao C, Hawks S, Pan J, Duggal N, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Zhou W, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ. Digital Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Lateral Flow Test Dipstick: Ultrasensitive, Rapid Virus Quantification in Environmental Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4926-4936. [PMID: 38452107 PMCID: PMC10956432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based lateral flow test (LFT) dipstick that integrates digital analysis for highly sensitive and rapid viral quantification. The SERS-LFT dipsticks, incorporating gold-silver core-shell nanoparticle probes, enable pixel-based digital analysis of large-area SERS scans. Such an approach enables ultralow-level detection of viruses that readily distinguishes positive signals from background noise at the pixel level. The developed digital SERS-LFTs demonstrate limits of detection (LODs) of 180 fg for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, 120 fg for nucleocapsid protein, and 7 plaque forming units for intact virus, all within <30 min. Importantly, digital SERS-LFT methods maintain their robustness and their LODs in the presence of indoor dust, thus underscoring their potential for accurate and reliable virus diagnosis and quantification in real-world environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sonali Srivastava
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aditya Garg
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Seth Hawks
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Pan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nisha Duggal
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Cho HS, Noh MS, Kim YH, Namgung J, Yoo K, Shin MS, Yang CH, Kim YJ, Yu SJ, Chang H, Rho WY, Jun BH. Recent Studies on Metal-Embedded Silica Nanoparticles for Biological Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:268. [PMID: 38334538 PMCID: PMC10856399 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, silica nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention as biocompatible and stable templates for embedding noble metals. Noble-metal-embedded silica NPs utilize the exceptional optical properties of novel metals while overcoming the limitations of individual novel metal NPs. In addition, the structure of metal-embedded silica NPs decorated with small metal NPs around the silica core results in strong signal enhancement in localized surface plasmon resonance and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. This review summarizes recent studies on metal-embedded silica NPs, focusing on their unique designs and applications. The characteristics of the metal-embedded silica NPs depend on the type and structure of the embedded metals. Based on this progress, metal-embedded silica NPs are currently utilized in various spectroscopic applications, serving as nanozymes, detection and imaging probes, drug carriers, photothermal inducers, and bioactivation molecule screening identifiers. Owing to their versatile roles, metal-embedded silica NPs are expected to be applied in various fields, such as biology and medicine, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seong Cho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Mi Suk Noh
- Bio & Medical Research Center, Bio Business Division, Korea Testing Certification, Gunpo 15809, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoon-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Jayoung Namgung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Kwanghee Yoo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Cho-Hee Yang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Seung-Ju Yu
- Graduate School of Integrated Energy-AI, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Won Yeop Rho
- Graduate School of Integrated Energy-AI, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (Y.-H.K.); (J.N.); (K.Y.); (M.-S.S.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.J.K.)
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5
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Scarpitti BT, Fan S, Lomax-Vogt M, Lutton A, Olesik JW, Schultz ZD. Accurate Quantification and Imaging of Cellular Uptake Using Single-Particle Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS Sens 2024; 9:73-80. [PMID: 38100727 PMCID: PMC10958331 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake, distribution, and stability of gold nanoparticles (NPs) in cells is of fundamental importance in nanoparticle sensors and therapeutic development. Single nanoparticle imaging with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements in cells is complicated by aggregation-dependent SERS signals, particle inhomogeneity, and limited single-particle brightness. In this work, we assess the single-particle SERS signals of various gold nanoparticle shapes and the role of silica encapsulation on SERS signals to develop a quantitative probe for single-particle level Raman imaging in living cells. We observe that silica-encapsulated gap-enhanced Raman tags (GERTs) provide an optimized probe that can be quantifiable per voxel in SERS maps of cells. This approach is validated by single-particle inductively coupled mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) measurements of NPs in cell lysate post-imaging. spICP-MS also provides a means of measuring the tag stability. This analytical approach can be used not only to quantitatively assess nanoparticle uptake on the cellular level (as in previous digital SERS methods) but also to reliably image the subcellular distribution and to assess the stability of NPs in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Scarpitti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Sanjun Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Madeleine Lomax-Vogt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Anthony Lutton
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - John W. Olesik
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Li D, Sun C, Zhuang P, Mei X. Revolutionizing SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant detection: Towards faster and more reliable methods. Talanta 2024; 266:124937. [PMID: 37481886 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the highly contagious Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has inflicted significant damage during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This new variant's significant sequence changes and mutations in both proteins and RNA have rendered many existing rapid detection methods ineffective in identifying it accurately. As the world races to control the spread of the virus, researchers are urgently exploring new diagnostic strategies to specifically detect Omicron variants with high accuracy and sensitivity. In response to this challenge, we have compiled a comprehensive overview of the latest reported rapid detection techniques. These techniques include strategies for the simultaneous detection of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and methods for selectively distinguishing Omicron variants. By categorizing these diagnostic techniques based on their targets, which encompass protein antigens and nucleic acids, we aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of the utilization of various recognition elements in identifying these targets. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach. Our work is crucial in providing a more nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in detecting Omicron variants and emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Cai Sun
- AECC Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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Dong T, Wang M, Liu J, Ma P, Pang S, Liu W, Liu A. Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6149-6206. [PMID: 37325147 PMCID: PMC10266450 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as fatal as the initial outbreak, many infected victims suffer from long COVID. Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. Herein, we review the recent advances in techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensing principles are detailed together with their application domains and analytical performances. In addition, the advantages and limits of each method are discussed and analyzed. Besides molecular diagnostics and antigen and antibody tests, we also review neutralizing antibodies and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the characteristics of the mutational locations in the different variants with epidemiological features are summarized. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies are prospected to develop new assays to meet different diagnostic needs. Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wanjian Liu
- Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Qingdao 266112 China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
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