Doping Mechanism of Perovskite Films with PbCl2 Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering for Enhanced Efficiency of Solar Cells

Solvent-free preparation and thermocompression self-assembly: an exploration of performance improvement strategies for perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit sufficient technological efficiency and economic competitiveness. However, their poor stability and scalability are crucial factors limiting their rapid development. Therefore, achieving both high efficiency and good stability is an urgent challenge. In addition, the preparation methods for PSCs are currently limited to laboratory-scale methods, so their commercialization requires further research. Effective packaging technology is essential to protect the PSCs from degradation by external environmental factors and ensure their long-term stability. The industrialization of PSCs is also inseparable from the preparation technology of perovskite thin films. This review discusses the solvent-free preparation of PSCs, shedding light on the factors that affect PSC performance and strategies for performance enhancement. Furthermore, this review analyzes the existing simulation techniques that have contributed to a better understanding of the interfacial evolution of PSCs during the packaging process. Finally, the current challenges and possible solutions are highlighted, providing insights to facilitate the development of highly efficient and stable PSC modules to promote their widespread application.

Isolating the Oxygen Adsorption Defects on Sputtered Tin Oxide for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin oxide (SnO₂) is the most commonly used electron transport material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Various techniques have been applied to deposit tin dioxide, including spin-coating, chemical bath deposition, and magnetron sputtering. Among them, magnetron sputtering is one of the most mature industrial deposition techniques. However, PSCs based on magnetron-sputtered tin oxide (sp-SnO₂) have a lower open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those prepared by the mainstream solution method. This is mainly due to the oxygen-related defects at the sp-SnO₂/perovskite interface, and traditional passivation strategies usually have little effect on them. Herein, we successfully isolate the oxygen adsorption (O_ads) defects located on the surface of sp-SnO₂ from the perovskite layer using a PCBM double-electron transport layer. This isolation strategy effectively suppresses the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination at the sp-SnO₂/perovskite interface, which results in an increase in the V_oc from 0.93 to 1.15 V and an increase in PCE from 16.66 to 21.65%. To our knowledge, this is the highest PCE achieved using a magnetron-sputtered charge transport layer to date. The unencapsulated devices maintain 92% of their initial PCE after storage in air with a relative humidity of 30-50% after 750 h. We further use the solar cell capacitance simulator (1D-SCAPS) to confirm the effectiveness of the isolation strategy. This work highlights the application prospect of magnetron sputtering in the field of perovskite solar cells and provides a simple yet effective way to tackle the interfacial defect issue.