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Manzoor S, Younis MA, Tariq QUN, Yang JQ, Ahmad N, Qiu C, Tian B, Zhang JG. Synthesis and Study of Steering of Azido-tetrazole Behavior in Tetrazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-amine-Based Energetic Materials. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6783-6792. [PMID: 38661714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tetrazoles and their derivatives are essential for compound synthesis due to their versatility, effectiveness, stability in air, and cost-efficiency. This has stimulated interest in developing techniques for their production. In this work, four compounds, tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine (1), N-(4-azidopyrimidin-2-yl)nitramide (2), tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one (3), and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-amine (4), were obtained from commercially available reagents and straightforward synthetic methodologies. These new compounds were characterized by infrared (IR), 13C, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solvent, temperature, and electron-donating group (EDG) factors that were responsible for the steering of azido-tetrazole equilibrium in all compounds were also studied. In addition, the detonation performance of the target compounds was calculated by using heats of formation (HOFs) and crystal densities. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to examine the intermolecular interactions of the four synthesized compounds. The results show that the excellent properties of 1-4 are triggered by ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π-π stacking interactions, indicating that these compounds have the potential to be used in the development of high-performance energetic materials. Additionally, DFT analysis is in support of experimental results, which proved the effect of different factors that can influence the azido-tetrazole equilibrium in the synthesized pyrimidine derivatives in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Manzoor
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Younis
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Qamar-Un-Nisa Tariq
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Qing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chuntian Qiu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Bingbing Tian
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Rajak R, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Highly Dense N-N-Bridged Dinitramino Bistriazole-Based 3D Metal-Organic Frameworks with Balanced Outstanding Energetic Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38598691 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the inherent conflict between energy and safety, the construction of energetic materials or energetic metal-organic frameworks (E-MOFs) with balanced thermal stability, sensitivity, and high detonation performance is challenging for chemists worldwide. In this regard, in recent times self-assembly of energetic ligands (high nitrogen- and oxygen-containing small molecules) with alkali metals were probed as a promising strategy to build high-energy materials with excellent density, insensitivity, stability, and detonation performance. Herein, based on the nitrogen-rich N,N'-([4,4'-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-3,3'-dial)dinitramide (H2BDNBT) energetic ligand, two new environmentally benign E-MOFs including potassium [K2BDNBT]n (K-MOF) and sodium [Na2BDNBT]n (Na-MOF) have been introduced and characterized by NMR, IR, TGA-DSC, ICP-MS, PXRD, elemental analyses, and SCXRD. Interestingly, Na-MOF and K-MOF demonstrate solvent-free 3D dense frameworks having crystal densities of 2.16 and 2.14 g cm-3, respectively. Both the E-MOFs show high detonation velocity (VOD) of 8557-9724 m/s, detonation pressure (DP) of 30.41-36.97 GPa, positive heat of formation of 122.52-242.25 kJ mol-1, and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction (IS = 30-40 J, FS > 360 N). Among them, Na-MOF has a detonation velocity (9724 m/s) superior to that of conventional explosives. Additionally, both the E-MOFs are highly heat-resistant, having higher decomposition (319 °C for K-MOF and 293 °C for Na-MOF) than the traditional explosives RDX (210 °C), HMX (279 °C), and CL-20 (221 °C). This stability is ascribed to the extensive structure and strong covalent interactions between BDNBT2- and K(I)/Na(I) ions. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we report dinitramino-based E-MOFs as highly stable secondary explosives, and Na-MOF may serve as a promising next-generation high-energy-density material for the replacement of presently used secondary thermally stable energetic materials such as RDX, HNS, HMX, and CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rajak
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navaneet Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang C, Wang T, Xu M, Kuang B, Xie Z, Yi Z, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhu S, Zhang J. Regulating the Coordination Environment by Using Isomeric Ligands: Enhancing the Energy and Sensitivity of Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17417-17424. [PMID: 37827495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming the energy storage structure is an effective approach to achieve a balance between the detonation performance and the sensitivity of energetic compounds, with a goal of high energy and low sensitivity. Building upon previous work, this study employed an isomeric compound 1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (3-PZCA) as a ligand and creatively designed the energetic coordination compound (ECC) Ag(3-HPZCA)2(ClO4)3 (ECC-1). It is a novel material with a dual structure of ionic salts and coordination compounds, which represents the first report of such a structure in Ag(I)-based ECCs. With its unique structures, ECC-1 exhibits a larger [ClO4-] content, a higher oxygen balance constant (OB = 0%), and superior mechanical sensitivity (IS = 13 J and FS = 40 N). Theoretical calculations indicate that ECC-1 has a higher detonation performance compared to previous work. Furthermore, the explosive experiment testing results demonstrate that it can be ignited by lower-threshold lasers and possesses excellent initiation capability and explosive power, making it suitable not only as a primary explosive but also as a secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baolong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zujia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhang C, Wang TW, Lu ZJ, Yi ZX, Kuang BL, Bu S, Xie ZM, Li Y, Wang K, Zhang JG. Optimization of performance and sensitivity: preparation of two Ag(I)-based ECPs by using isomeric ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13716-13723. [PMID: 37706537 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
For energetic compounds, their structure determines their performance, and even minor variations in their structure can have a significant impact on their performance. The application scenarios for energetic materials are diverse, and their performance requirements vary as well. To investigate the influence of different substituent positions on the performance of primary explosives, we prepared two Ag(I)-based complexes, [Ag(2-IZCA)ClO4]n (ECPs-1) and [Ag(4-IZCA)ClO4]n (ECPs-2), using structurally isomeric ligands, 1H-imidazole-2-carbohydrazide (2-IZCA) and 1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazide (4-IZCA). The structures were confirmed using infrared, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Experimental results demonstrate that both ECPs exhibit good thermal stability. However, compared to ECPs-1, ECPs-2 exhibits a lower thermal initial decomposition temperature (Td = 210 °C), lower mechanical sensitivity (IS = 27 J, FS = 84 N), and more concentrated energy output. Although theoretical predictions suggest similar detonation velocities and pressures for both compounds, actual detonation performance tests indicate that ECPs-2 has stronger explosive power and initiating capability, with potential for use as a laser initiator (E = 126 mJ). The simple preparation method and inexpensive starting materials enrich the research on primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Ting-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zu-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Xin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bao-Long Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Shu Bu
- State Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. A Dihydrazone as a Remarkably Nitrogen-Rich Thermostable and Insensitive Energetic Material. Org Lett 2023; 25:6082-6086. [PMID: 37556303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) in energetic compounds have a very pronounced effect on physicochemical properties such as density, thermal stability, sensitivity, and solubility. Now a strategy to synthesize nitrogen-rich energetic materials with overall good properties, which stem from the synergetic effects of inter- or intramolecular H-bonds, is reported. 1,2-Dihydrazono-1,2-di(1H-tetrazol-5-5-yl)ethane (4), a new thermostable and insensitive material, is obtained from the reaction of dioxime (2) with hydrazine hydrate. The exchange of the oxime (NOH) with the hydrazone (NNH2) functionality results in the reduced acidic character and low solubility in water, which make it remarkably suitable for practical use. While the detonation velocity of 4 is comparable with RDX, it has an advantage of high nitrogen content (76%) and high thermal stability (275 °C) and is insensitive toward external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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Wang TW, Zhang C, Lu ZJ, Xie ZM, Kuang BL, Yi ZX, Li Y, Zhang JG. Preparation of High-Energy ECPs by Retaining the Coordination Ability of Carbohydrazide Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37356112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to preserve the coordinating ability of the hydrazide group, we used retrosynthetic analysis to design and synthesize ligand furan-2,5-dicarbohydrazide and its complex [Cu(FDCA)(H2O)ClO4]n(ClO4)n·nH2O (ECPs-1·H2O). The structure of the product was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The solvent-free target material ECPs-1 exhibited good thermal stability, sensitivity to mechanical stimuli, and excellent explosive properties. Furthermore, it had good potential for laser ignition and comparable detonation power to LA. The simple preparation method and inexpensive starting materials enriched the research on primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zu-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bao-Long Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Bikas R, Heydari N, Lis T. Catalytic synthesis of tetrazoles by a silica supported Zn(II) coordination compound containing azide ligand. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Facile synthesis of thermally stable tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine substituted energetic materials: synthesis and characterization. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:747-753. [PMID: 36562432 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various thermally stable energetic materials with high nitrogen content, low sensitivity and better detonation performance were synthesized. The versatile functionalization of 1,2,4-triazine involving the introduction of oxadiazole and tetrazole is discussed. All the compounds were fully characterized using IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 2, 3, 9 and 12 were further verified using single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 9 can be considered a melt-cast explosive due to its lower onset melting temperature (112 °C). The detonation velocity, pressure, density, and heat of formation of all the synthesized compounds range between 7056 and 8212 m s-1, 17.57 and 23.78 GPa, 1.70 and 1.81 g cm-1, and 43 and 644 kJ mol-1, respectively. Due to the high nitrogen percentage (53 to >72%), these molecules can be used in car airbag applications. Due to the high thermal stability (>220 °C) and lower sensitivity, these compounds can be potentially used as high-performing thermally stable secondary energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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