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Sahraeeazartamar F, Terryn S, Sangma RN, Krack M, Peeters R, Van den Brande N, Deferme W, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G, Brancart J. Diels-Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34192-34212. [PMID: 38915136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Two dynamic covalent networks based on the Diels-Alder reaction were blended to exploit the properties of the dissimilar polymer backbones. Furan-functionalized polyether amines based on poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) FD4000 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) FS5000 were mixed in a common solvent and reversibly cross-linked with the same bismaleimide DPBM. The morphology of the phase-separated blends is primarily controlled by the concentration of backbones. Increasing the PDMS content of the blends results in a dilute droplet morphology at 25 wt %, with a growing size and concentration of droplets and the formation of two separate PPO- and PDMS-rich layers at 50 wt %. Further increasing the PDMS content to 75 wt % leads to larger droplets and a thicker layer of the secondary phase. The hydrophobic PDMS phase creates a barrier against water, while the more hydrophilic PPO phase enhances the resistance against oxygen diffusion. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan stoichiometric ratio resulted in a decrease in cross-link density and thus more flexible and stretchable encapsulants. Changes in the stoichiometric ratio also affected the phase morphology due to resulting changes in phase separation and network formation kinetics. Lowering the stoichiometric ratio also resulted in enhanced self-healing properties of 96% at room temperature as a consequence of the increased chain mobility in the blended networks. The self-healing blends were used to encapsulate liquid metal circuits to create stretchable strain sensors with a linear electro-mechanical response without much drift or hysteresis, which could be efficiently recovered by 90% after the damage-healing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sahraeeazartamar
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rathul Nengminza Sangma
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maximilian Krack
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) and IMEC (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Roos Peeters
- Materials and Packaging Research & Services (MPR&S), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Deferme
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) and IMEC (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Jiang C, Li T, Huang X, Guo R. Patterned Liquid-Metal-Enabled Universal Soft Electronics (PLUS-E) for Deformation Sensing on 3D Curved Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37878994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals with metallic conductivity and infinitely deformable properties have tremendous potential in the field of conformal electronics. However, most processing methods of liquid metal electronics require sophisticated apparatus or custom masks, resulting in high processing costs and intricate preparation procedures. This study proposes a simple and rapid preparation method for patterned liquid-metal-enabled universal soft electronics (PLUS-E). The utilization of selective adhesion of the liquid metals on stretchable substrates and the adaptive toner mask enables rapid fabrication (<2 s/100 cm2), excellent stretchability (800% strain), and high forming accuracy (100 μm). Benefiting from the adaptive deformation of the substrate and toner mask, PLUS-E can be conformally applied to any shape of 3D surfaces. Besides, the stability of PLUS-E on 3D surfaces is improved by low-fluidity liquid metal composites. The finite element simulation is used to accurately forecast the deformation and resistance changes of the PLUS-E, and it provides guidance for device design and manufacturing. Finally, this method was utilized to develop various sensors for detecting human motion, catheter bending, and balloon expansion. All of them have obtained stable and reliable signal measurements, demonstrating the usefulness of PLUS-E in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314033, China
- Institute of Wearable Technology and Bioelectronics, Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, 1002 23rd Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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Sato T, Iwase E. High-Accuracy Contact Resistance Measurement Method for Liquid Metal by Considering Current-Density Distribution in Transfer Length Method Measurement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44404-44412. [PMID: 37695862 PMCID: PMC10521730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) are used as stretchable conductors in various stretchable electronic devices. Moreover, such devices using Ga-based LMs have attracted considerable attention. Herein, we propose a method for accurately determining the contact resistance (Rc) between galinstan and Cu electrodes by considering the current-density distribution in transfer length method (TLM) measurement. Conventional TLM measurements assume that the sheet resistance of the metal electrode (Rshe) is negligible compared with that of the object (Rsho), such as Si. However, this assumption may be problematic because the Rsho of Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) is close to the Rshe. Therefore, we developed a method of applying current to each measuring electrode and compared it with the conventional method of applying current to the outer electrodes. Simulation results indicated that Rshe cannot be ignored for galinstan, and the measured resistance in the contact area (RcTotal) included <10% of the Rc component when current was applied to the outer electrodes. In contrast, RcTotal included the entire Rc component when current was applied to each electrode. Furthermore, we found that the volume resistances of the object and electrode included in RcTotal cannot be ignored. Therefore, for accurate measurement, current must be applied to each electrode, and Rc must be determined from the intersections of the measured and simulated RcTotal. The obtained contact resistivity (ρc), i.e., the contact resistance per unit contact area, was 0.115 mΩ·mm2. The maximum error was 0.085 mΩ·mm2, which was lower than the ρc of the solders (≥10-1 mΩ·mm2) with the lowest ρc among the electrical interface materials between the electronic components and wiring. This study provides valuable insight into the Rc measurement of LMs, along with new opportunities for the development of stretchable electronics using LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department
of Materials Science, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwase
- Department
of Materials Science, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department
of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami
Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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Faiz S, Kim HW, Oh J, Veerapandian S, Jeong U. High-Precision Stretchable Ionic Temperature Sensor Passivated with a Liquid Metal/Block Copolymer Multilayer Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37267117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Moisture barriers are essential for ionic sensors because moisture has a direct impact on the stability and reliability of electrochemical properties. So far, stretchable moisture barriers that can maximize the advantage of using deformable ion gel as the active material have been rarely investigated and remain as a technological challenge. This study proposes a four-layer (4L) stretchable moisture barrier alternatively composed of a poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) copolymer (SiBS) film (2 μm in thickness) and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) film (1 μm in thickness). This multilayer barrier has a low water permeability of 9.09 × 10-20 m2/Pa s at 50% uniaxial strain (ε) and retains the barrier properties at repeated stretchable cycles at ε = 50%. This study demonstrates a skin-attached precise ion gel-based temperature sensor that is independent of moisture change (even dipping in water) and body motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Faiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Shen Q, Jiang M, Wang R, Song K, Vong MH, Jung W, Krisnadi F, Kan R, Zheng F, Fu B, Tao P, Song C, Weng G, Peng B, Wang J, Shang W, Dickey MD, Deng T. Liquid metal-based soft, hermetic, and wireless-communicable seals for stretchable systems. Science 2023; 379:488-493. [PMID: 36730410 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials tend to be highly permeable to gases, making it difficult to create stretchable hermetic seals. With the integration of spacers, we demonstrate the use of liquid metals, which show both metallic and fluidic properties, as stretchable hermetic seals. Such soft seals are used in both a stretchable battery and a stretchable heat transfer system that involve volatile fluids, including water and organic fluids. The capacity retention of the battery was ~72.5% after 500 cycles, and the sealed heat transfer system showed an increased thermal conductivity of approximately 309 watts per meter-kelvin while strained and heated. Furthermore, with the incorporation of a signal transmission window, we demonstrated wireless communication through such seals. This work provides a route to create stretchable yet hermetic packaging design solutions for soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Modi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kexian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Woojin Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ruyu Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Benwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guoming Weng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wanxiang A123-Global Headquarters, A123 Systems, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Research and Development Center, A123 Systems, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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