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Zhao W, Zhang W, Chen J, Li H, Han L, Li X, Wang J, Song W, Xu C, Cai X, Wang L. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies of Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Biomarker Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2705-2727. [PMID: 38843307 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive recognition of biomarkers plays a crucial role in the precise diagnosis of diseases. Graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFET) are considered the most promising devices among the next generation of biosensors. GFET biosensors possess distinct advantages, including label-free, ease of integration and operation, and the ability to directly detect biomarkers in liquid environments. This review summarized recent advances in GFET biosensors for biomarker detection, with a focus on interface functionalization. Various sensitivity-enhancing strategies have been overviewed for GFET biosensors, from the perspective of optimizing graphene synthesis and transfer methods, refinement of surface functionalization strategies for the channel layer and gate electrode, design of biorecognition elements and reduction of nonspecific adsorption. Further, this review extensively explores GFET biosensors functionalized with antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes. It delves into sensitivity-enhancing strategies employed in the detection of biomarkers for various diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious viruses, etc.) along with their application in integrated microfluidic systems. Finally, the issues and challenges in strategies for the modulation of biosensing interfaces are faced by GFET biosensors in detecting biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lin Han
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
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Shah N, Iyer V, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Park J, Yelleswarapu V, Aflatouni F, Charlie Johnson AT, Issadore D. Highly stable integration of graphene Hall sensors on a microfluidic platform for magnetic sensing in whole blood. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 37275264 PMCID: PMC10232500 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of rare cells in complex media such as blood is increasingly important in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Micro-Hall detectors (μHD) for magnetic detection in blood have previously demonstrated ultrahigh sensitivity to rare cells. This sensitivity originates from the minimal magnetic background in blood, obviating cumbersome and detrimental sample preparation. However, the translation of this technology to clinical applications has been limited by inherently low throughput (<1 mL/h), susceptibility to clogging, and incompatibility with commercial CMOS foundry processing. To help overcome these challenges, we have developed CMOS-compatible graphene Hall sensors for integration with PDMS microfluidics for magnetic sensing in blood. We demonstrate that these graphene μHDs can match the performance of the best published μHDs, can be passivated for robust use with whole blood, and can be integrated with microfluidics and sensing electronics for in-flow detection of magnetic beads. We show a proof-of-concept validation of our system on a silicon substrate and detect magnetic agarose beads, as a model for cells, demonstrating promise for future integration in clinical applications with a custom CMOS chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishal Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juhwan Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Venkata Yelleswarapu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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