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Qi J, Zhang P, Zhang T, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zong M, Gong Y, Liu X, Wu X, Li B. Metal-doped carbon dots for biomedical applications: From design to implementation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32133. [PMID: 38868052 PMCID: PMC11168406 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as a new kind of fluorescent nanomaterials, show great potential for application in several fields due to their unique nano-size effect, easy surface functionalization, controllable photoluminescence, and excellent biocompatibility. Conventional preparation methods for CDs typically involve top-down and bottom-up approaches. Doping is a major step forward in CDs design methodology. Chemical doping includes both non-metal and metal doping, in which non-metal doping is an effective strategy for modulating the fluorescence properties of CDs and improving photocatalytic performance in several areas. In recent years, Metal-doped CDs have aroused the interest of academics as a promising nano-doping technique. This approach has led to improvements in the physicochemical and optical properties of CDs by altering their electron density distribution and bandgap capacity. Additionally, the issues of metal toxicity and utilization have been addressed to a large extent. In this review, we categorize metals into two major groups: transition group metals and rare-earth group metals, and an overview of recent advances in biomedical applications of these two categories, respectively. Meanwhile, the prospects and the challenges of metal-doped CDs for biomedical applications are reviewed and concluded. The aim of this paper is to break through the existing deficiencies of metal-doped CDs and fully exploit their potential. I believe that this review will broaden the insight into the synthesis and biomedical applications of metal-doped CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jue Wang
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingrui Zong
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Yajuan Gong
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, China
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Wibrianto A, Putri FSD, Nisa UK, Mahyahani N, Sugito SFA, Wardana AP, Sakti SCW, Chang JY, Fahmi MZ. Strategic Assessment of Boron-Enriched Carbon Dots/Naproxen: Diagnostic, Toxicity, and In Vivo Therapeutic Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:801-812. [PMID: 38217878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global public health concern, ranking as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study thoroughly explores boron-doped carbon dots (B-CDs) through a simple/rapid microwave-assisted approach and their versatile applications in cancer therapy. The result was highly uniform particles with an average diameter of approximately 4 nm. B-CDs exhibited notable properties, including strong fluorescence with a quantum yield of 33%. Colloid stability tests revealed their robustness within a pH range of 6-12, NaCl concentrations up to 0.5 M, and temperatures ranging from 30 to 60 °C. The study also delved into the kinetics of naproxen release from B-CDs as a drug delivery system. The loading efficacy of naproxen exceeded 55.56%. Under varying pH conditions, the release of naproxen from B-CDs conformed to the Peppas-Sahlin model, demonstrating the potential of Naproxen-loaded CDs for cancer drug delivery. In vitro cytotoxicity assessments, conducted using the CCK-8 Assay and flow cytometry, consistently indicated low toxicity with average cell viability exceeding 80%. An in vivo toxicity test on female mice administered 20 mg/kg of B-CDs for 31 days revealed reversible histological changes in the liver and kidneys, while the pancreas remained unaffected. Importantly, B-CDs did not impact the mice's physical behavior, body weight, or survival. In vivo experiments targeting benzo(a)pyrene-induced fibrosarcoma demonstrated the efficacy of B-CDs as naproxen carriers in the treatment of cancer. This in vivo study provides a thorough comprehension of B-CDs synthesis and toxicity and their potential applications in cancer therapy and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswandi Wibrianto
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan Republic of China
| | | | - Ummi K Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nila Mahyahani
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti F A Sugito
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Andika P Wardana
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Satya C W Sakti
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Jia-Yaw Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Mochamad Z Fahmi
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Srivastava A, Dkhar DS, Singh N, Azad UP, Chandra P. Exploring the Potential Applications of Engineered Borophene in Nanobiosensing and Theranostics. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:740. [PMID: 37504138 PMCID: PMC10377427 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A monolayer of boron known as borophene has emerged as a novel and fascinating two-dimensional (2D) material with exceptional features, such as anisotropic metallic behavior and supple mechanical and optical capabilities. The engineering of smart functionalized opto-electric 2D materials is essential to obtain biosensors or biodevices of desired performance. Borophene is one of the most emerging 2D materials, and owing to its excellent electroactive surface area, high electron transport, anisotropic behavior, controllable optical and electrochemical properties, ability to be deposited on thin films, and potential to create surface functionalities, it has recently become one of the sophisticated platforms. Despite the difficulty of production, borophene may be immobilized utilizing chemistries, be functionalized on a flexible substrate, and be controlled over electro-optical properties to create a highly sensitive biosensor system that could be used for point-of-care diagnostics. Its electrochemical properties can be tailored by using appropriate nanomaterials, redox mediators, conducting polymers, etc., which will be quite useful for the detection of biomolecules at even trace levels with a high sensitivity and less detection time. This will be quite helpful in developing biosensing devices with a very high sensitivity and with less response time. So, this review will be a crucial foundation as we have discussed the basic properties, synthesis, and potential applications of borophene in nanobiosensing, as well as therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Daphika S Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nandita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, India
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Yang M, Jin H, Gui R. Ag +-doped boron quantum dots with enhanced stability and fluorescence enabling versatile practicality in visual detection, sensing, imaging and photocatalytic degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 639:49-58. [PMID: 36804792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a metal-doping strategy was put forward to construct metal-doped borophene and the corresponding zero-dimensional boron. Through theoretical calculations, Ag+ acts as the optimal metal ions to prepare Ag+-doped borophene derived boron quantum dots (Ag-BQDs). As predicted theoretically, doping of Ag+ endows borophene with enhanced stability of electronic structures. The newly emerging Ag-BQDs were experimentally acquired from ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of bulk boron and solvothermal treatments. According to theoretical and experimental studies, the improved stability and fluorescence (FL) of Ag-BQDs are due to the formation of strong B-Ag bonding to competitively suppress B-O bonding. The function enables the maximal protection of borophene electronic structures from oxidization, destruction and reconfiguration. Because of Ag-BQDs with relatively higher colloidal and FL stability over BQDs, potential applications of Ag-BQDs were further explored in promising fields toward FL visualization in aqueous solutions and on filter paper, employed as a chemosensor of Fe3+ for FL sensing and visual detection at the solid/liquid phases, utilized for multiple FL bio-imaging at the levels of fresh plants, live animals and live cells of fresh plants, and applied to photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and anticancer drug. Experimental results demonstrate excellent performances of Ag-BQDs in multiple applications, including versatile FL sensing and visual detection, unique multi-channel FL bio-imaging and visible-light-driven photodegradation of organic pollutants, toxic and harmful substances. This work can promote the development of metal-ion-doped low- dimensional nanomaterials with improved stability and FL properties for significant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Rijun Gui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China.
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