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Wibrianto A, Putri FSD, Nisa UK, Mahyahani N, Sugito SFA, Wardana AP, Sakti SCW, Chang JY, Fahmi MZ. Strategic Assessment of Boron-Enriched Carbon Dots/Naproxen: Diagnostic, Toxicity, and In Vivo Therapeutic Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:801-812. [PMID: 38217878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global public health concern, ranking as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study thoroughly explores boron-doped carbon dots (B-CDs) through a simple/rapid microwave-assisted approach and their versatile applications in cancer therapy. The result was highly uniform particles with an average diameter of approximately 4 nm. B-CDs exhibited notable properties, including strong fluorescence with a quantum yield of 33%. Colloid stability tests revealed their robustness within a pH range of 6-12, NaCl concentrations up to 0.5 M, and temperatures ranging from 30 to 60 °C. The study also delved into the kinetics of naproxen release from B-CDs as a drug delivery system. The loading efficacy of naproxen exceeded 55.56%. Under varying pH conditions, the release of naproxen from B-CDs conformed to the Peppas-Sahlin model, demonstrating the potential of Naproxen-loaded CDs for cancer drug delivery. In vitro cytotoxicity assessments, conducted using the CCK-8 Assay and flow cytometry, consistently indicated low toxicity with average cell viability exceeding 80%. An in vivo toxicity test on female mice administered 20 mg/kg of B-CDs for 31 days revealed reversible histological changes in the liver and kidneys, while the pancreas remained unaffected. Importantly, B-CDs did not impact the mice's physical behavior, body weight, or survival. In vivo experiments targeting benzo(a)pyrene-induced fibrosarcoma demonstrated the efficacy of B-CDs as naproxen carriers in the treatment of cancer. This in vivo study provides a thorough comprehension of B-CDs synthesis and toxicity and their potential applications in cancer therapy and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswandi Wibrianto
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan Republic of China
| | | | - Ummi K Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nila Mahyahani
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti F A Sugito
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Andika P Wardana
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Satya C W Sakti
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Jia-Yaw Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Mochamad Z Fahmi
- Department of Chemistry, University Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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