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Wei Z, Luo Y, Yu W, Zhang Y, Cai J, Xie C, Chang J, Huang Q, Xu X, Deng Y, Zheng Z. Bipolar Textile Composite Electrodes Enabling Flexible Tandem Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406386. [PMID: 38973220 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A majority of flexible and wearable electronics require high operational voltage that is conventionally achieved by serial connection of battery unit cells using external wires. However, this inevitably decreases the energy density of the battery module and may cause additional safety hazards. Herein, a bipolar textile composite electrode (BTCE) that enables internal tandem-stacking configuration to yield high-voltage (6 to 12 V class) solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) is reported. BTCE is comprised of a nickel-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric (NiPET) core layer, a cathode coated on one side of the NiPET, and a Li metal anode coated on the other side of the NiPET. Stacking BTCEs with solid-state electrolytes alternatively leads to the extension of output voltage and decreased usage of inert package materials, which in turn significantly boosts the energy density of the battery. More importantly, the BTCE-based SSLMB possesses remarkable capacity retention per cycle of over 99.98% over cycling. The composite structure of BTCE also enables outstanding flexibility; the battery keeps stable charge/discharge characteristics over thousands of bending and folding. BTCE shows great promise for future safe, high-energy-density, and flexible SSLMBs for a wide range of flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jiehua Cai
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jian Chang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yonghong Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1535-1648. [PMID: 38373392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yingsi Wu
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Zhou
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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Chen F, Zhuang Q, Ding Y, Zhang C, Song X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Mei Q, Zhao X, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305630. [PMID: 37566544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin electronics provides remarkable opportunities for non-invasive and long-term monitoring of a wide variety of biophysical and physiological signals that are closely related to health, medicine, and human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, conventional skin electronics fabricated on elastic thin films are difficult to adapt to the wet microenvironments of the skin: Elastic thin films are non-permeable, which block the skin perspiration; Elastic thin films are difficult to adhere to wet skin; Most skin electronics are difficult to work underwater. Here, a Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin (WADE-skin) is reported, which consists of a next-to-skin wet-adhesive fibrous layer, a next-to-air waterproof fibrous layer, and a stretchable and permeable liquid metal electrode layer. While the electronic functionality is determined by the electrode design, this WADE-skin simultaneously offers superb stretchability, wet adhesion, permeability, biocompatibility, and waterproof property. The WADE-skin can rapidly adhere to human skin after contact for a few seconds and stably maintain the adhesion over weeks even under wet conditions, without showing any negative effect to the skin health. The use of WADE-skin is demonstrated for the stable recording of electrocardiogram during intensive sweating as well as underwater activities, and as the strain sensor for the underwater operation of virtual reality-mediated human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiuna Zhuang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xian Song
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Quanjin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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Wang Q, Yao Z, Zhang C, Song H, Ding H, Li B, Niu S, Huang X, Chen C, Han Z, Ren L. A Selective-Response Hypersensitive Bio-Inspired Strain Sensor Enabled by Hysteresis Effect and Parallel Through-Slits Structures. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:26. [PMID: 37985532 PMCID: PMC10661685 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are promising in sensing minuscule mechanical signals, and thereby widely used in various advanced fields. However, the effective integration of hypersensitivity and highly selective response into one flexible strain sensor remains a huge challenge. Herein, inspired by the hysteresis strategy of the scorpion slit receptor, a bio-inspired flexible strain sensor (BFSS) with parallel through-slit arrays is designed and fabricated. Specifically, BFSS consists of conductive monolayer graphene and viscoelastic styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer. Under the synergistic effect of the bio-inspired slit structures and flexible viscoelastic materials, BFSS can achieve both hypersensitivity and highly selective frequency response. Remarkably, the BFSS exhibits a high gage factor of 657.36, and a precise identification of vibration frequencies at a resolution of 0.2 Hz through undergoing different morphological changes to high-frequency vibration and low-frequency vibration. Moreover, the BFSS possesses a wide frequency detection range (103 Hz) and stable durability (1000 cycles). It can sense and recognize vibration signals with different characteristics, including the frequency, amplitude, and waveform. This work, which turns the hysteresis effect into a "treasure," can provide new design ideas for sensors for potential applications including human-computer interaction and health monitoring of mechanical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanliang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China.
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110167, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China.
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110167, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinguan Huang
- Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China.
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110167, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110167, People's Republic of China
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Hu H, Zhang C, Ding Y, Chen F, Huang Q, Zheng Z. A Review of Structure Engineering of Strain-Tolerant Architectures for Stretchable Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300671. [PMID: 37661591 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics possess significant advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts and boost game-changing applications such as bioelectronics, flexible displays, wearable health monitors, etc. It is, nevertheless, a formidable task to impart stretchability to brittle electronic materials such as silicon. This review provides a concise but critical discussion of the prevailing structural engineering strategies for achieving strain-tolerant electronic devices. Not only the more commonly discussed lateral designs of structures such as island-bridge, wavy structures, fractals, and kirigami, but also the less discussed vertical architectures such as strain isolation and elastoplastic principle are reviewed. Future opportunities are envisaged at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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6
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Liu Y, Li K, Yao J, Li X, Xia Y. Copper-Coordinated Cellulose Fibers for Electric Devices with Motion Sensitivity and Flame Retardance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18272-18280. [PMID: 36999640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite conductive fibers are of great significance in applications of wearable devices, smart textiles, and flexible electronics. Integration of conductive nanomaterials into flexible bio-based fibers with multifunctionality remains challenging due to interface failure, poor flexibility, and inflammability. Although having broader applications in textiles, regenerated cellulose fibers (RCFs) cannot meet the requirements of wearable electronics owing to their intrinsic insulation. In this study, we constructed conductive RCFs fabricated by coordinating copper ions with cellulose and reducing them into stable Cu nanoparticles coated on their surface. The Cu sheath offered excellent electrical conductivity (4.6 × 105 S m-1), electromagnetic interference shielding, and enhanced flame retardance. Inspired by plant tendrils, the conductive RCF was wrapped around an elastic rod to develop wearable sensors for human health and motion monitoring. The resultant fibers not only form stable conductive nanocomposites on the fiber surface by chemical bonds but also exhibit a huge potential for wearable devices, smart sensors, and flame-retardant circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Insititute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Insititute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jiuyong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Insititute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiankai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Insititute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Insititute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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Hu H, Guo X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Gao Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang W, Rong M, Liu G, Huang Q, Zhu Y, Zheng Z. Elasto-Plastic Design of Ultrathin Interlayer for Enhancing Strain Tolerance of Flexible Electronics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3921-3930. [PMID: 36762695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate large strains during various degrees of deformation is a core issue in the development of flexible electronics. Commonly used strategies nowadays to enhance the strain tolerance of thin film devices focus on the optimization of the device architecture and the increase of bonding at the materials interface. In this paper, we propose a strategy, namely elasto-plastic design of an ultrathin interlayer, to boost the strain tolerance of flexible electronics. We demonstrate that insertion of an ultrathin, stiff (high Young's modulus) and elastic (high yield strain) interlayer between an upper rigid film/device and a soft substrate, regardless of the substrate thickness or the interfacial bonding, can significantly reduce the actual strain applied on the film/device when the substrate is bent. Being independent of existing strategies, the elasto-plastic design strategy offers an effective method to enhance the device flexibility without redesigning the device structure or altering the material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziran Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuo Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Rong
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (RI-IWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
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