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Zhou X, Yu X, Peng L, Luo J, Ning X, Fan X, Zhou X, Zhou X. Pd(II) coordination molecule modified g-C 3N 4 for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:134-144. [PMID: 38795534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic H2 production activity of polymer carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is limited by the rapid recombination of photoelectron-hole pairs and slow surface reduction dynamic process. Here, a supramolecular complex (named R-TAP-Pd(II)) was fabricated via self-assembly of (R)-N-(1-phenylethyl)-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzamide (R-TAP) with Pd(II) and used to modify g-C3N4. In the R-TAP-Pd(II)@g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst, the spin polarization of R-TAP-Pd(II) can promote charge transfer and inhibit photogenerated carrier recombination, as confirmed by spectral tests and photoelectrochemical performance tests. Electrochemical tests and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests proved that the Pd(II) ion in the R-TAP-Pd(II) molecule can serve as active sites to accelerate H2 production. The R-TAP-Pd(II)@g-C3N4 presented a photocatalytic H2 generation rate of 1085 μmol g-1 h-1 when exposed to visible light, which was a about 278-fold increase compared with g-C3N4. This work finds a new approach to boost the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 via supramolecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Yu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Lanzhen Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Jin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Xuliang Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China
| | - Xunfu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, PR China.
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2
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Liu D, Zhao C, Chen M, Yang Y, Qian J, Xie X, Pan L, Zhang F, Tao L, Wu W, Ni T. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of carbon and oxygen co-doped carbon nitride with a three-dimensional structure: Performance and mechanism study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:452-464. [PMID: 38537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As a cost-effective photocatalyst, carbon nitride (g-C3N4) holds tremendous promise for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution. However, its application is limited by disadvantages such as low specific surface area and easy recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. This study introduces C and O co-doped g-C3N4 with a three-dimensional (3D) structure achieved through a straightforward one-step calcination process, demonstrating excellent photocatalytic activity of hydrogen production and oxytetracycline degradation, with superoxide radicals as the primary active species. We propose a plausible enhanced mechanism based on systematic characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The 3D structure confers a substantial specific surface area, enhancing both the adsorption area and active sites of catalysts while bolstering structural stability. Co-doping optimizes the band structure and electric conductivity of the catalyst, facilitating rapid migration of photogenerated charges. The synergistic effects of these enhancements significantly elevate the photocatalytic performance. This study presents a convenient and feasible method for the preparation of dual-regulated photocatalysts with outstanding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Congyue Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yawen Yang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jianing Qian
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaozhou Xie
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Fengquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Tianjun Ni
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Zhang S, An C, Zhang R, Kong D, Xu D, Zhang S. Template-Free Synthesis of Boron-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Porous Nanotubes for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6453-6462. [PMID: 38466076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 can be enhanced by improving photoinduced carrier separation and exposing sufficient reactive sites. In this study, we synthesized B-doped porous tubular g-C3N4 (BCNT) using a H3BO3-assisted supramolecular self-template method, wherein H3BO3 helped in B-doping, building a porous structure, and maintaining one-dimensional nanotubes. The tubular structure had an ultrathin tube wall and large aspect ratio, which are conducive to the directional transmission and separation of photogenerated carriers; moreover, the abundant pore structure of the tube wall could fully expose the reactive sites. The introduction of B and the cyano group modulated the bandgap of g-C3N4 and elevated the position of the conduction band, thus enhancing the photoreduction ability and effectively improving the hydrogen evolution performance. Consequently, the hydrogen evolution of BCNT-2 (220.8, 53.2 μmol·h-1) was 1.82 and 1.54 times that of ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets (CNN, 121.3, 34.6 μmol·h-1) under simulated sunlight and LED lamp irradiation, respectively. Thus, this work provides in-depth insights into the rational design of one-dimensional g-C3N4 nanotubes with high hydrogen evolution activity under visible irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng An
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchao Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Kong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Difa Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha Hunan Province 410022, People's Republic of China
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Hou S, Gao X, Lv X, Zhao Y, Yin X, Liu Y, Fang J, Yu X, Ma X, Ma T, Su D. Decade Milestone Advancement of Defect-Engineered g-C 3N 4 for Solar Catalytic Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38175329 PMCID: PMC10766942 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a universal photocatalyst toward various sustainable carbo-neutral technologies. Despite solar applications discrepancy, g-C3N4 is still confronted with a general fatal issue of insufficient supply of thermodynamically active photocarriers due to its inferior solar harvesting ability and sluggish charge transfer dynamics. Fortunately, this could be significantly alleviated by the "all-in-one" defect engineering strategy, which enables a simultaneous amelioration of both textural uniqueness and intrinsic electronic band structures. To this end, we have summarized an unprecedently comprehensive discussion on defect controls including the vacancy/non-metallic dopant creation with optimized electronic band structure and electronic density, metallic doping with ultra-active coordinated environment (M-Nx, M-C2N2, M-O bonding), functional group grafting with optimized band structure, and promoted crystallinity with extended conjugation π system with weakened interlayered van der Waals interaction. Among them, the defect states induced by various defect types such as N vacancy, P/S/halogen dopants, and cyano group in boosting solar harvesting and accelerating photocarrier transfer have also been emphasized. More importantly, the shallow defect traps identified by femtosecond transient absorption spectra (fs-TAS) have also been highlighted. It is believed that this review would pave the way for future readers with a unique insight into a more precise defective g-C3N4 "customization", motivating more profound thinking and flourishing research outputs on g-C3N4-based photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Hou
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingyue Lv
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitao Yin
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Fang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hogo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoguang Ma
- Laboratory of Plasma and Energy Conversion, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, 186 Middle Hongqi Road, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Dawei Su
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Pang X, Li Y, Wu X, Zhang B, Hao M, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Qin C, Zhan H, Qin C. Phosphate ester functionalized fluorene-benzothiadiazole alternating copolymer/hydroxylated g-C 3N 4 heterojunctions for efficient hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1405-1416. [PMID: 37659309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to explore functionalized polymer semiconductor/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts with the tight interfacial connection for promoting the photogenerated electron-hole pair separation, improving the hydrophilicity, extending the visible light response and achieving the efficient visible light-driven H2 evolution. Herein, we synthesized novel poly[9,9-bis(3-ethyl phosphate propyl)fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole] (PPFBT) with a phosphate ester on every repeating unit by the Suzuki polymerization and then fabricated PPFBT/hydroxylated g-C3N4 (PPFBT/CN-OH) heterojunctions via a surface hydroxyl-induced assembly process. The ratio-optimized 5PPFBT/CN-OH shows the hydrogen evolution activity of 2662.4 μmol·g-1·h-1, an 11.1-time enhancement compared to CN-OH. The improved photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the enhanced electron-hole pair separation due to the tight interfacial connection by hydrogen bond (P=O…H-O) and N…S interactions between PPFBT and CN-OH. It is verified that abundant phosphate ester groups of PPFBT improve the hydrophilicity and form coordination bonds with platinum (P=O:Pt) as a cocatalyst to facilitate water splitting for H2 evolution. It is also confirmed that the enhanced electron-hole pair separation is mainly dependent on the excited high-energy level electron transfer from CN-OH to PPFBT. This work provides a rational molecular design strategy for constructing efficient functionalized polymer semiconductor/g-C3N4 heterojunctions for sunlight-driven H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingmiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wang Y, Yang X, Tian T, Liu Y, Chen Y, Xu G, Gu L, Li H, Yuan Y. Chitosan-assisted synthesis of 1D g-C 3N 4 nanorods for enhanced photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10528-10531. [PMID: 37563975 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
1D porous g-C3N4 nanorods were synthesized using chitosan as a template, offering a large surface area and enhanced visible light absorption. These nanorods exhibited a remarkable 8.3-fold increase in H2 generation rate (26.6 μmol h-1) compared to bulk g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Gengsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Lina Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Huiquan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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7
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Li Y, Zhang B, Pang X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Hao M, Zhu Y, Qin C, Jing L. Improved Visible-Light Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution of G-C 3N 4 Nanosheets by Constructing Heterojunctions with Nano-Sized Poly(3-Thiophenecarboxylic Acid) and Coordinating Fe(III). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1338. [PMID: 37110923 PMCID: PMC10144103 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to enhance the photogenerated charge separation of g-C3N4 by constructing efficient heterojunctions, especially with an additional organic constitution for solar-hydrogen conversion. Herein, g-C3N4 nanosheets have been modified controllably with nano-sized poly(3-thiophenecarboxylic acid) (PTA) through in situ photopolymerization and then coordinated with Fe(III) via the -COOH groups of modified PTA, forming an interface of tightly contacted nanoheterojunctions between the Fe(III)-coordinated PTA and g-C3N4. The resulting ratio-optimized nanoheterojunction displays a ~4.6-fold enhancement of the visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution activity compared to bare g-C3N4. Based on the surface photovoltage spectra, measurements of the amount of •OH produced, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, photoelectrochemical curves, and single-wavelength photocurrent action spectra, it was confirmed that the improved photoactivity of g-C3N4 is attributed to the significantly promoted charge separation by the transfer of high-energy electrons from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of g-C3N4 to the modified PTA via the formed tight interface, dependent on the hydrogen bond interaction between the -COOH of PTA and the -NH2 of g-C3N4, and the continuous transfer to the coordinated Fe(III) with -OH favorable for connection with Pt as the cocatalyst. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy for solar-light-driven energy production over the large family of g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts with exceptional visible-light activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center for Hemp and Product in Cold Region of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Bingmiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xulong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chuanli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Liqiang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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