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González-Martínez E, Moran-Mirabal J. Shrinking Devices: Shape-Memory Polymer Fabrication of Micro-and Nanostructured Electrodes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300535. [PMID: 38060839 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1940s, shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been used in a broad spectrum of applications for research and industry.[1] SMPs can adopt a temporary shape and promptly return to their original form when submitted to an external stimulus. They have proven useful in fields such as wearable and stretchable electronics,[2] biomedicine,[3] and aerospace..[4] These materials are attractive and unique due to their ability to "remember" a shape after being submitted to elastic deformation. By combining the properties of SMPs with the advantages of electrochemistry, opportunities have emerged to develop structured sensing devices through simple and inexpensive fabrication approaches. The use of electrochemistry for signal transduction provides several advantages, including the translation into inexpensive sensing devices that are relatively easy to miniaturize, extremely low concentration requirements for detection, rapid sensing, and multiplexed detection. Thus, electrochemistry has been used in biosensing,[5] pollutant detection,[6] and pharmacological[7] applications, among others. To date, there is no review that summarizes the literature addressing the use of SMPs in the fabrication of structured electrodes for electrochemical sensing. This review aims to fill this gap by compiling the research that has been done on this topic over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo González-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4 M1
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Wu B, Wu W, Ma R, Chen H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Lei X, Liu F. High-Sensitivity and Wide-Range Flexible Ionic Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensors with Porous Hemisphere Array Electrodes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:366. [PMID: 38257459 PMCID: PMC10821174 DOI: 10.3390/s24020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with porous hierarchical microstructures is limited by the complex and time-consuming preparation processes of porous hierarchical microstructures. In this study, a simple modified heat curing process was first proposed to achieve one-step preparation of porous hemispherical microstructures on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. In this process, a laser-prepared template was used to form surface microstructures on PDMS film. Meanwhile, the thermal decomposition of glucose monohydrate additive during heat curing of PDMS led to the formation of porous structures within PDMS film. Further, based on the obtained PDMS/CNTs electrodes with porous hemisphere array and ionic polymer dielectric layers, high-performance ionic piezocapacitive sensors were realized. Under the synergistic effect of the low-stiffness porous hemisphere microstructure and the electric double layer of the ionic polymer film, the sensor based on an ionic polymer film with a 1:0.75 ratio of P(VDF-HFP):[EMIM][TFSI] not only achieves a sensitivity of up to 106.27 kPa-1 below 3 kPa, but also has a wide measurement range of over 400 kPa, which has obvious advantages in existing flexible piezocapacitive sensors. The rapid response time of 110 s and the good stability of 2300 cycles of the sensor further elucidate its practicality. The application of the sensor in pulse monitoring, speech recognition, and detection of multiple dynamic loads verifies its excellent sensing performance. In short, the proposed heat curing process can simultaneously form porous structures and surface microstructures on PDMS films, greatly simplifying the preparation process of porous hierarchical microstructures and providing a simple and feasible way to obtain high-performance flexible pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weiguang Wu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haobing Chen
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunfan Li
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electronic Manufacturing and Packaging Integration (Wuhan University), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wu S, Yang C, Hu J, Pan M, Meng W, Liu Y, Li P, Peng J, Zhang Q, Chen P, Wang H. Normal-Direction Graded Hemispheres for Ionic Flexible Sensors with a Record-High Linearity in a Wide Working Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47733-47744. [PMID: 37782111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors developed rapidly with increased sensitivity, a fast response time, high stability, and excellent deformability. These progresses have expanded the application of wearable electronics under high-pressure backgrounds while also bringing new challenges. In particular, the nonlinearity and narrow working range lead to a gradually insensitive response, principally because the microstructure deforms inconsistently on the device interfaces in the whole working range. Herein, we report an ionic flexible sensor with a record-high linearity (R2 = 0.99994) in a wide working range (up to 600 kPa). The linearity response comes from the normal-direction graded hemisphere (GH) microstructure. It is prepared from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Au into flexible and deformable electrodes, and its geometry is precisely designed from the linear elastic theory and optimized through finite element simulation. The sensor can achieve a high sensitivity of S = 165.5 kPa-1, a response-relaxation time of <30 ms, and superb consistency, allowing the device to detect vibration signals. Our sensor has been assembled with circuits and capsulation in order to monitor the function state of players in underwater sports in the frequency domain. This work deepens the theory of linearized design of microstructures and provides a strategy to make flexible pressure sensors that have combined the performances of ultrahigh linearity, high sensitivity, and a wide working range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Chengxiu Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jiafei Hu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Mengchun Pan
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Weize Meng
- State Key Laboratory of CEMEE, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Peisen Li
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Junping Peng
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Pengteng Chen
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Haomiao Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Deya Road 109, Changsha 410073, China
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Chen H, Guo D, Lei X, Wu W, Guo X, Li Y, Weng X, Liu S, Liu F. One-Step Laser Direct-Printing Process of a Hybrid Microstructure for Highly Sensitive Flexible Piezocapacitive Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21435-21443. [PMID: 37073628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microstructures can effectively improve the sensing performance of flexible piezocapacitive sensors. Simple, low-cost fabrication methods for microstructures are key to facilitating the practical application of piezocapacitive sensors. Herein, based on the laser thermal effect and the thermal decomposition of glucose, a rapid, simple, and low-cost laser direct-printing process is proposed for the preparation of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based electrode with a hybrid microstructure. Combining the PDMS-based electrode with an ionic gel film, highly sensitive piezocapacitive sensors with different hybrid microstructures are realized. Due to the good mechanical properties brought about by the hybrid microstructure and the double electric layer induced by the ionic gel film, the sensor with a porous X-type microstructure exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 92.87 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-1000 Pa, a wide measurement range of 100 kPa, excellent stability (>3000 cycles), fast response time (100 ms) and recovery time (101 ms), and good reversibility. Furthermore, the sensor is used to monitor human physiological signals such as throat vibration, pulse, and facial muscle movement, demonstrating the application potential of the sensor in human health monitoring. Most importantly, the laser direct-printing process provides a new strategy for the one-step preparation of hybrid microstructures on thermal curing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobing Chen
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Dingyi Guo
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Weiguang Wu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xuanqi Guo
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yunfan Li
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaohong Weng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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