Bismuth Nanoparticle-Embedded Carbon Microrod for High-Rate Electrochemical Magnesium Storage

Unlocking the Power of Magnesium Batteries: Synergistic Effect of InSb-C Composites to Achieve Superior Electrochemical Performance

Pure magnesium anode used in rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB) exhibits high theoretical capacity but has been challenged by the passivation issue with conventional electrolytes. Alloy-type anodes have the potential to surpass this issue and have attracted increasing attention. However, the kinetic performance and stabilities of conventional alloy anodes are still constrained. In this study, the InSb-10%C anode is synthesized by a two-step high-energy ball milling process. The InSb-10%C anode exhibits a remarkably high capacity of up to 448 mA h g-1, significantly improved cycle performance (234 mA h g-1 at 100 cycles) and rate performance (168 mA h g-1 at 500 mA g-1). The above-mentioned superior performance of the InSb-10%C anode for RMBs is attributed to the cellular graphitized amorphous carbon composite structure (CGA) which effectively refines the particle size and restricts the volume expansion. Additionally, the reduced surface electron density of InSb combined with the high conductivity resulting from graphitization enhances the Mg2+ diffusion performance. Notably, the InSb-10%C anode demonstrates good compatibility with conventional halogen-free salt ether-based electrolytes in the full battery configuration.

Interfacial Coupling toward Bismuth Sulfide/MXene Heterostructures Empowering Reversible Magnesium Storage

Bismuth-based compounds based on conversion-alloying reactions of multielectron transfer have attracted extensive attention as alternative anode candidates for rechargeable magnesium batteries (rMBs). However, the inadequate magnesium storage capability induced by the sluggish kinetics, poor reversibility, and terrible structural stability impedes their practical utilization. Herein, monodispersed Bi2S3 anchored on MXene has been prepared via a simple self-assembly strategy to induce the interfacial bonding of Ti-S and Ti-O-Bi. Unique superiority, including good electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, and rapid charge transfer, is cleverly integrated together in the Bi2S3/MXene heterostructures, which endowed heterostructures with enhanced magnesium storage performance. Density functional theory calculations combined with kinetic behavior analyses confirm the favorable charge transfer and low ion diffusion barrier in hybrids. Furthermore, a stepwise insertion-conversion-alloying reaction mechanism is revealed in depth by ex situ investigations, which may also account for promoting performance. This work provides significant inspirations for constructing ingenious multicompositional hybrids by strong interfacial coupling engineering toward high-performance energy storage devices.

KF-Containing Interphase Formation Enables Better Potassium Ion Storage Capability

Rechargeable potassium ion batteries have long been regarded as one alternative to conventional lithium ion batteries because of their resource sustainability and cost advantages. However, the compatibility between anodes and electrolytes remains to be resolved, impeding their commercial adoption. In this work, the K-ion storage properties of Bi nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanocomposites have been examined in two typical electrolyte solutions, which show a significant effect on potassium insertion/removal processes. In a KFSI-based electrolyte, the N-C@Bi nanocomposites exhibit a high specific capacity of 255.2 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, which remains at 245.6 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles, corresponding to a high capacity retention rate of 96.24%. In a KPF6-based electrolyte, the N-C@Bi nanocomposites show a specific capacity of 209.0 mAh g-1, which remains at 71.5 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles, corresponding to an inferior capacity retention rate of only 34.21%. Post-investigations reveal the formation of a KF interphase derived from salt decomposition and an intact rod-like morphology after cycling in K2 electrolytes, which are responsible for better K-ion storage properties.

High-efficiency electrodeposition of magnesium alloy-based anodes for ultra-stable rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have attracted much attention because of their high theoretical volumetric capacity and high safety. However, the uneven deposition behavior, harmful corrosion reaction and poor stability of magnesium metal anodes have hindered the practical application of RMBs. Herein, we propose a facile alloy electrodeposition method to construct an artificial layer on an Mg anode. Experimental results show that the polarization of the symmetric magnesium alloy-based (Mg-Sn@Mg and Mg-Bi@Mg) cells is significantly reduced (∼0.05 V) at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. The symmetric cells using the prepared Mg alloy anodes exhibited lower voltage hysteresis and ultra-stable cycling performance at a higher density of 1.0 mA cm-2 over 700 h. The in situ optical microscopy study clearly demonstrated that the Mg dendrite formation was successfully retarded by the designed Mg-Sn and Mg-Bi alloy artificial protective layer on Mg anodes. The superiority of Mg-Sn@Mg and Mg-Bi@Mg was further confirmed in full cells using Mo6S8 as the cathode. Compared with the Mo6S8//Mg full cell, the Mo6S8//Mg-Sn@Mg and Mo6S8//Mg-Bi@Mg full cells maintained an ultra-stable electrochemical performance even after 5000 cycles. This proof-of-concept provides a novel scope for the artificial coating layers on Mg anodes prepared by alloy electrodeposition and can be extended to other alloy anodes (i.e. Mg-Cu@Mg and so on). This work provides an avenue for the design of practical and high-performance RMBs and beyond.

Study of bismuth metal organic skeleton composites with photocatalytic antibacterial activity

A composite based on Ag and carbon quantum dot (CQDs) doped bismuth metal organic framework (CAU-17) was synthesized by a one-step thermal solvent in situ growth. The microstructure, chemical composition, morphology, photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and photocatalytic activity of the composite were characterized. The produced composite with its unique energy band structure, enhances the visible light absorption and effectively delays the recombination of the photogenerated carriers. On the other hand, the modification with CQDs increases the concentration and transport rate of photogenerated carriers mainly attributed to their superior electron transport capacity and light trapping ability. The photocatalytic antibacterial effect of CAU-17/Ag/CQDs against common Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and drug-resistant bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as well as its inhibition against HepG2 tumor cell were investigated. The results showed that CAU-17/Ag/CQDs exhibited a photocatalytic antibacterial effect with an inactivation rate as high as 99.9 %. At the low dose (0.2 mg/mL), CAU-17/Ag/CQDs indicated a significant inhibition against bacterial growth 20 min after visible light exposure, whereas at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, CAU-17/Ag/CQDs completely killed all the tested bacteria. At the concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, the inhibition rate against HepG2 tumor cells reached 75 %. The excellent photocatalytic property of the as prepared composite contributed to the doping of Ag and CQDs, which fundamentally altered the morphology and energy band distribution. Such a composite can be developed into an effective photocatalytic disinfection system and applied to water purification systems, biofilm rejection, combating different antibiotic resistances, and tumor therapy.

Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage over Metallic Bismuth-Based Materials

Bismuth (Bi) has been prompted many investigations into the development of next-generation energy storage systems on account of its unique physicochemical properties. Although there are still some challenges, the application of metallic Bi-based materials in the field of energy storage still has good prospects. Herein, we systematically review the application and development of metallic Bi-based anode in lithium ion batteries and beyond-lithium ion batteries. The reaction mechanism, modification methodologies and their relationship with electrochemical performance are discussed in detail. Additionally, owing to the unique physicochemical properties of Bi and Bi-based alloys, some innovative investigations of metallic Bi-based materials in alkali metal anode modification and sulfur cathodes are systematically summarized for the first time. Following the obtained insights, the main unsolved challenges and research directions are pointed out on the research trend and potential applications of the Bi-based materials in various energy storage fields in the future.

Bi-MOF-Derived Carbon Wrapped Bi Nanoparticles Assembly on Flexible Graphene Paper Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions

The development of nanohybrid with high electrocatalytic activity is of great significance for electrochemical sensing applications. In this work, we develop a novel and facile method to prepare a high-performance flexible nanohybrid paper electrode, based on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) wrapped Bi nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) assembly derived from Bi-MOF, which are decorated on a flexible and freestanding graphene paper (GP) electrode. The as-obtained Bi-NPs encapsulated by an NC layer are uniform, and the active sites are increased by introducing a nitrogen source while preparing Bi-MOF. Owing to the synergistic effect between the high conductivity of GP electrode and the highly efficient electrocatalytic activity of Bi-NPs, the NC wrapped Bi-NPs (Bi-NPs@NC) modified GP (Bi-NPs@NC/GP) electrode possesses high electrochemically active area, rapid electron-transfer capability, and good electrochemical stability. To demonstrate its outstanding functionality, the Bi-NPs@NC/GP electrode has been integrated into a handheld electrochemical sensor for detecting heavy metal ions. The result shows that Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ can be detected with extremely low detection limits, wide linear range, high sensitivity, as well as good selectivity. Furthermore, it demonstrates outstanding electrochemical sensing performance in the simultaneous detection of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor has achieved excellent repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and reliability in measuring real water samples, which will have great potential in advanced applications in environmental systems.