Breaking Barriers: Binder-Assisted NiS/NiS2 Heterostructure Anode with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries

Dynamically Evolving Multifunctional Protective Layer for Highly Stable Potassium Metal Anodes

The construction of an artificial protective layer is an effective method to solve the issues, such as uncontrolled dendrite growth and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase, at the K metal anode. This study proposes a new dynamic evolution strategy that integrates the advantages of previous in situ and ex situ fabrication processes. A multifunctional protective layer enriched with K-Ge alloy is prepared on the K metal electrode by simple surface modification and in situ reduction via an electrochemical process. The protective layer has good potassiophilicity, mechanical flexibility, and high ionic conductivity, which can inhibit dendrite growth and reduce side reactions. The protected K electrode with a protective layer exhibits dendrite-free K plating/striping behavior, and the symmetric cell can run stably for over 1000 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2. Notably, full cells based on this electrode also present excellent rate and cycling performance compared to those of the bare K electrode. This peculiar strategy will open a new avenue for metal anode protection and can be extended to other high-energy battery systems.