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Liu X, Du L, Ma Y, Li T, Chen S, Yang J, Ran Z, Zhou L, Dong Q, Zheng W, Jiang Z. Highly conductive and stable double network carrageenan organohydrogels for advanced strain sensing and signal recognition arrays. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135029. [PMID: 39197618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, a broad detection range, and stability in complex environments have remained a significant challenge for the development of flexible sensors. In this study, a straightforward freeze-thaw cycles strategy was developed to fabricate a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carrageenan (CA)/calcium chloride (CaCl2)/MXene-based double network organohydrogel (PCCME) for highly flexible and responsive strain detection across a broad temperature spectrum. The PCCME organohydrogel features multiple interactive forces including hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and microphase crystallization, which contribute to the organohydrogel's exceptional mechanical and electrical performance. The PCCME organohydrogel exhibited excellent performance in a load-unload test repeated 100 times after being maintained at room temperature for 7 days, with a minimal mechanical decay of only 2.6%. Furthermore, the repaired PCCME organohydrogel retained its robust stability after storage at low temperatures followed by placement at room temperature. The organohydrogel sensor not only detects various movement amplitudes of the human body but also recognizes arrays of pressure signals and converts these into digital images, highlighting its significant potential for applications in rehabilitation monitoring, pressure sensing, and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Longmeng Du
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Tingxi Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Song Chen
- China Safety Technology Research Academy of Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jia Yang
- China Safety Technology Research Academy of Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Ran
- Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646605, PR China
| | - Longbao Zhou
- Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646605, PR China
| | - Qi Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, PR China.
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Boateng D, Li X, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Wu M, Liu J, Kang Y, Zeng H, Han L. Recent advances in flexible hydrogel sensors: Enhancing data processing and machine learning for intelligent perception. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116499. [PMID: 38896981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of flexible electronics and sensing technology, hydrogel-based flexible sensors have exhibited considerable potential across a diverse range of applications, including wearable electronics and soft robotics. Recently, advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms have been integrated into flexible hydrogel sensing technology to enhance their data processing capabilities and to achieve intelligent perception. However, there are no reviews specifically focusing on the data processing steps and analysis based on the raw sensing data obtained by flexible hydrogel sensors. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and breakthroughs in intelligent perception achieved through the fusion of ML algorithms with flexible hydrogel sensors, across various applications. Moreover, this review thoroughly examines the data processing techniques employed in flexible hydrogel sensors, offering valuable perspectives expected to drive future data-driven applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Boateng
- College of Applied Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518060, China; College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518188, China
| | - Xukai Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518188, China
| | - Yuhan Zhu
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518188, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Meng Wu
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Jifang Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510700, China
| | - Yan Kang
- College of Applied Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518060, China; College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518188, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Linbo Han
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518188, China.
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Li S, Wei Y, Xing Z, Ge X, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wang ZX. Acid-mediated strategies designed for stretchable and durable polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual-network hydrogels toward flexible capacitors and wearable sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134065. [PMID: 39038573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of acid as a synthesis assistant provides an effective means to regulate the structure of hydrogels, thereby simplifying the design and preparation process of multifunctional hydrogels. However, there remains a dearth of discourse concerning the utilization of this convenient acid-mediated strategy, which possesses the potential to directly govern molecular interactions within gel networks for rational structure and property design. Herein, we describe the preparation of flexible dual-network conductive hydrogels using polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium alginate (SA) as substrates, driven by the strategy of acid-mediated (HCI, H2SO4, and H2C2O4) in detail for the first time. Especially, the structure-activity relationship of hydrogels was elucidated through a comparative analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and empirical properties, thereby enhancing the understanding of this field. Furthermore, extensive investigations have been conducted to explore the distinct impacts of acid ions and concentrations. The acid-mediated method exhibits superior versatility and operability compared to the filler modification method, thereby enabling a more convenient acquisition of conductive and robust hydrogels suitable for flexible capacitors and wearable sensors. Consequently, this study presents a straightforward, efficient, and cost-effective universal strategy for targeted functional hydrogel design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zheng Xing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xinyi Ge
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Institute of Rare and Scattered Elements, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Duan H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Mao Y. Recent Advances of Stretchable Nanomaterial-Based Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors and Electrophysiological Signals Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1398. [PMID: 39269060 PMCID: PMC11397736 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiological monitoring is a commonly used medical procedure designed to capture the electrical signals generated by the body and promptly identify any abnormal health conditions. Wearable sensors are of great significance in signal acquisition for electrophysiological monitoring. Traditional electrophysiological monitoring devices are often bulky and have many complex accessories and thus, are only suitable for limited application scenarios. Hydrogels optimized based on nanomaterials are lightweight with excellent stretchable and electrical properties, solving the problem of high-quality signal acquisition for wearable sensors. Therefore, the development of hydrogels based on nanomaterials brings tremendous potential for wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors. This review first introduces the latest advancement of hydrogels made from different nanomaterials, such as nanocarbon materials, nanometal materials, and two-dimensional transition metal compounds, in physiological signal monitoring sensors. Second, the versatile properties of these stretchable composite hydrogel sensors are reviewed. Then, their applications in various electrophysiological signal monitoring, such as electrocardiogram monitoring, electromyographic signal analysis, and electroencephalogram monitoring, are discussed. Finally, the current application status and future development prospects of nanomaterial-optimized hydrogels in wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors are summarized. We hope this review will inspire future development of wearable electrophysiological signal monitoring sensors using nanomaterial-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanchao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zhou L, Zhao B, Liang J, Lu F, Yang W, Xu J, Zheng J, Liu Y, Wang R, Liu Z. Low hysteresis, water retention, anti-freeze multifunctional hydrogel strain sensor for human-machine interfacing and real-time sign language translation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3856-3866. [PMID: 38776065 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00126e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel strain sensors have received increasing attention due to their potential applications in human-machine interfaces and flexible electronics. However, they usually suffer from both mechanical and electrical hysteresis and poor water retention, which limit their practical applications. To address this challenge, a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogel crosslinked by silica nanoparticles is fabricated via photo polymerization and salting-out of hydrophilic ions for the strain sensor. The resulting hydrogel strain sensor possessed low electrical hysteresis (1.6%), low mechanical hysteresis (<7%), high cycle stability (>10 000 cycles), high durability, water retention and anti-freezing ability. Moreover, this strain sensor can be used as a wearable sensor for real-time control of robotic hands and hand gesture recognition. Finally, a sign language translation system has been demonstrated with the aid of machine learning, achieving recognition rates of over 98% for 15 different sign languages. This work offers a promising prospect for human-machine interfaces, smart wearable devices, and the Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of AI Algorithm Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Jingye Liang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Fangying Lu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Weiping Yang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jishuai Xu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zheng
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Run Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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Liu Q, Xie M, Wang C, Deng M, Li P, Yang X, Zhao N, Huang C, Zhang X. Rapid Preparation Triggered by Visible Light for Tough Hydrogel Sensors with Low Hysteresis and High Elasticity: Mechanism, Use and Recycle-by-Design. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311647. [PMID: 38593379 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates for flexible devices and water resource management. However, further applications of conventional hydrogels are restricted due to their limited performance and lack of a recycling strategy. Herein, a tough, flexible, and recyclable hydrogel sensor via a visible-light-triggered polymerization is rapidly created. The Zn2+ crosslinked terpolymer is in situ polymerized using g-C3N4 as the sole initiator to form in situ chain entanglements, endowing the hydrogels with low hysteresis and high elasticity. In the use phase, the hydrogel sensor exhibited high ion conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, fast responsiveness, high sensitivity, and remarkable anti-fatigue ability, making it exceptionally effective in accurately monitoring complex human movements. At the end-of-life (EOL), leveraging the synergy between the photodegradation capacity of g-C3N4 and the adsorption function of the hydrogel matrix, the post-consumer hydrogel is converted into water remediation materials, which not only promoted the rapid degradation of organic pollutants, but also facilitated collection and reuse. This innovative strategy combined in situ entangling reinforcement and tailored recycle-by-design that employed g-C3N4 as key blocks in the hydrogel to achieve high performance in the use phase and close the loop through the reutilization at EOL, highlighting the cost-effective synthesis, specialized structure, and life cycle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Mingwei Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Ping Li
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Xulin Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan Province Engineering Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Nihui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Chi Huang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637002, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
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Wang B, Wang X, Liu W, Song Z, Wang H, Li G, Yu D, Liu X, Ge S. Using chitosan nanofibers to synergistically construct a highly stretchable multi-functional liquid mental-based hydrogel for assembling strain sensor with high sensitivity and broad working range. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129225. [PMID: 38184053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) microdroplets have garnered significant interest as conductive materials for initiating free radical polymerization in the development of conductive hydrogels suited for strain sensors. However, crafting multi-functional conductive hydrogels that boast both high stretchability and superior sensing capabilities remains as a challenge. In this study, we have successfully synthesized LM-based conductive hydrogels characterized by remarkable stretchability and sensing performance employing acrylic acid (AA) to evenly distribute chitosan nanofibers (CSFs) and to subsequently catalyze the free radical polymerization of AA. The resultant polymer network was crosslinked within situ polyacrylic acid (PAA), facilitated by Ga3+ in conjunction with guar gum (GG)-stabilized Ga droplets. The strategic interplay between the rigid, and protonated CSFs and the pliable PAA matrix, coupled with the ionic crosslinking of Ga3+, endows the resulting GG-Ga-CSF-PAA hydrogel with high stretchability (3700 %), ultrafast self-healing, robust moldability, and strong adhesiveness. When deployed as a strain sensing material, this hydrogel exhibits a high gauge factor (38.8), a minimal detection threshold, enduring durability, and a broad operational range. This versatility enables the hydrogel-based strain sensor to monitor a wide spectrum of human motions. Remarkably, the hydrogel maintains its stretchability and sensing efficacy under extreme temperatures after a simple glycerol solution treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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