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Makela M, Lin Z, Lin PT. Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Targets Using Nanoporous Waveguide Based Competitive Displacement Assay. GIANT (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023:100173. [PMID: 37360824 PMCID: PMC10279466 DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2023.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of unlabeled SARS-CoV-2 genetic target was demonstrated using a competitive displacement hybridization assay made by a nanostructured anodized alumina oxide (AAO) membrane. The assay applied the toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction. The nanoporous surface of the membrane was functionalized with a complementary pair consisting of Cy3-labeled probe and quencher-labeled nucleic acids through a chemical immobilization process. In the presence of the unlabeled SARS-CoV-2 target, the quencher-tagged strand of the immobilized probe-quencher duplex was separated from the Cy3-modifed strand. A stable probe-target duplex formed and regained a strong fluorescence signal, thus enabling real-time and label-free SARS-CoV-2 detection. Assay designs with different numbers of base pair (bp) matches were synthesized to compare their affinities. Because of the large surface of a free-standing nanoporous membrane, two orders enhancement of the fluorescence was observed, where the detection limit of the unlabeled concentration can be improved to 1 nM. The assay was miniaturized by integrating a nanoporous AAO layer onto an optical waveguide device. The detection mechanism and the sensitivity improvement of the AAO-waveguide device were illustrated from the finite difference method (FDM) simulation and the experimental results. Light-analyte interaction was further improved due to the presence of the AAO layer, which created an intermediate refractive index and enhanced the waveguide's evanescent field. Our competitive hybridization sensor is an accurate and label-free testing platform applicable to the deployment of compact and sensitive virus detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Makela
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zhihai Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Pao Tai Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Ma Y, Dong B, Lee C. Progress of infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors and devices. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32239361 PMCID: PMC7113365 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics, manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, is an appealing technology for diversified biochemical and physical sensing applications. Guided-wave nanophotonics paves the way to miniaturize the sensors and realize on-chip integration of various photonic components, so as to realize chip-scale sensing systems for the future realization of the Internet of Things which requires the deployment of numerous sensor nodes. Starting from the popular CMOS-compatible silicon nanophotonics in the infrared, many infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors have been developed, showing the advantages of high sensitivity, low limit of detection, low crosstalk, strong detection multiplexing capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small footprint and low cost. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress of research on infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors. The sensor configurations, sensing mechanisms, sensing performances, performance improvement strategies, and system integrations are described. Future development directions are also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles toward industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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Flexible Mid-infrared Photonic Circuits for Real-time and Label-Free Hydroxyl Compound Detection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4153. [PMID: 30858396 PMCID: PMC6411863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chip-scale chemical detections were demonstrated by mid-Infrared (mid-IR) integrated optics made by aluminum nitride (AlN) waveguides on flexible borosilicate templates. The AlN film was deposited using sputtering at room temperature, and it exhibited a broad infrared transmittance up to λ = 9 µm. The AlN waveguide profile was created by microelectronic fabrication processes. The sensor is bendable because it has a thickness less than 30 µm that significantly decreases the strain. A bright fundamental mode was obtained at λ = 2.50–2.65 µm without mode distortion or scattering observed. By spectrum scanning at the -OH absorption band, the waveguide sensor was able to identify different hydroxyl compounds, such as water, methanol, and ethanol, and the concentrations of their mixtures. Real-time methanol monitoring was achieved by reading the intensity change of the waveguide mode at λ = 2.65 μm, which overlap with the stretch absorption of the hydroxyl bond. Due to the advantages of mechanical flexibility and broad mid-IR transparency, the AlN chemical sensor will enable microphotonic devices for wearables and remote biomedical and environmental detection.
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Borodinov N, Gil D, Savchak M, Gross CE, Yadavalli NS, Ma R, Tsukruk VV, Minko S, Vertegel A, Luzinov I. En Route to Practicality of the Polymer Grafting Technology: One-Step Interfacial Modification with Amphiphilic Molecular Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13941-13952. [PMID: 29608051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification with polymer grafting is a versatile tool for tuning the surface properties of a wide variety of materials. From a practical point of view, such a process should be readily scalable and transferable between different substrates and consist of as least number of steps as possible. To this end, a cross-linkable amphiphilic copolymer system that is able to bind covalently to surfaces and form permanently attached networks via a one-step procedure is reported here. This system consists of brushlike copolymers (molecular brushes) made of glycidyl methacrylate, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate), and lauryl methacrylate, which provide the final product with tunable reactivity and balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The detailed study of the copolymer synthesis and properties has been carried out to establish the most efficient pathway to design and tailor this amphiphilic molecular brush system for specific applications. As an example of the applications, we showed the ability to control the deposition of graphene oxide (GO) sheets on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces using GO modified with the molecular brushes. Also, the capability to tune the osteoblast cell adhesion with the copolymer-based coatings was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher E Gross
- Department of Orthopaedics , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Nataraja Sekhar Yadavalli
- Nanostructured Materials Laboratory , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Ruilong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Nanostructured Materials Laboratory , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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Katiyi A, Karabchevsky A. Si Nanostrip Optical Waveguide for On-Chip Broadband Molecular Overtone Spectroscopy in Near-Infrared. ACS Sens 2018; 3:618-623. [PMID: 29436815 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to probe the molecular fundamental or overtone (high harmonics) vibrations is fundamental to modern healthcare monitoring techniques and sensing technologies since it provides information about the molecular structure. However, since the absorption cross section of molecular vibration overtones is much smaller compared to the absorption cross section of fundamental vibrations, their detection is challenging. Here, a silicon nanostrip rib waveguide structure is proposed for label-free on-chip overtone spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR). Utilizing the large refractive index contrast (Δ n > 2) between the silicon core of the waveguide and the silica substrate, a broadband NIR lightwave can be efficiently guided. We show that the sensitivity for chemical detection is increased by more than 3 orders of magnitude when compared to the evanescent-wave sensing predicted by the numerical model. This spectrometer distinguished several common organic liquids such as N-methylaniline and aniline precisely without any surface modification to the waveguide through the waveguide scanning over the absorption dips in the NIR transmission spectra. Planar NIR Si nanostrip waveguide is a compact sensor that can provide a platform for accurate chemical detection. Our NIR Si nanostrip rib waveguide device can enable the development of sensors for remote, on-site monitoring of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Katiyi
- Electrooptical Engineering Unit , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alina Karabchevsky
- Electrooptical Engineering Unit , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Jin T, Lin HYG, Lin PT. Monolithically Integrated Si-on-AlN Mid-Infrared Photonic Chips for Real-Time and Label-Free Chemical Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42905-42911. [PMID: 29171251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chip-scale chemical sensors were demonstrated using optical waveguides consisting of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and aluminum nitride (AlN). A mid-infrared (mid-IR) transparent AlN thin film was prepared by room-temperature sputtering, which exhibited high Al/N elemental homogeneity. The Si-on-AlN waveguides were fabricated by a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. A sharp fundamental mode and low optical loss of 2.21 dB/cm were obtained. Label-free chemical identification and real-time monitoring were performed by scanning the mode spectrum while the waveguide was exposed to various chemicals. Continuous tracing of heptane and methanol was accomplished by measuring the waveguide intensity attenuation at λ = 2.5-3.0 μm, which included the characteristic -CH and -OH absorptions. The monolithically integrated Si-on-AlN waveguides established a new sensor platform that can operate over a broad mid-IR regime, thus enabling photonic chips for label-free chemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao-Yu Greg Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University , 11 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Jin T, Li L, Zhang B, Lin HYG, Wang H, Lin PT. Monolithic Mid-Infrared Integrated Photonics Using Silicon-on-Epitaxial Barium Titanate Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21848-21855. [PMID: 28580780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadband mid-infrared (mid-IR) photonic circuits that integrate silicon waveguides and epitaxial barium titanate (BTO) thin films are demonstrated using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. The epitaxial BTO thin films are grown on lanthanum aluminate (LAO) substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique, wherein a broad infrared transmittance between λ = 2.5 and 7 μm is observed. The optical waveguiding direction is defined by the high-refractive-index amorphous Si (a-Si) ridge structure developed on the BTO layer. Our waveguides show a sharp fundamental mode over the broad mid-IR spectrum, whereas its optical field distribution between the a-Si and BTO layers can be modified by varying the height of the a-Si ridge. With the advantages of broad mid-IR transparency and the intrinsic electro-optic properties, our monolithic Si on a ferroelectric BTO platform will enable tunable mid-IR microphotonics that are desired for high-speed optical logic gates and chip-scale biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao-Yu Greg Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University , 11 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Ahmadi L, Kontturi V, Laukkanen J, Saarinen J, Honkanen S, Kuittinen M, Roussey M. Strip-loaded waveguide on titanium dioxide thin films by nanoimprint replication. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:527-530. [PMID: 28146519 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a convenient, low-cost, and mass-production-compatible technique for the fabrication of strip-loaded waveguides. The technique is based on the atomic layer deposition of a slab waveguide, nanoimprinting of a strip, and integration of two structures by lamination. The guiding layer is chosen to be a 200 nm thick titanium dioxide film. The waveguide characteristics are determined by the use of ring resonators. The technique is demonstrated for titanium dioxide thin films, but it is applicable to any other material that meets the refractive index difference condition between the loading strip and the slab waveguide.
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Guo S, Xie X, Huang L, Huang W. Sensitive Water Probing through Nonlinear Photon Upconversion of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:847-53. [PMID: 26651357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles have received growing attention in the development of low-background, highly sensitive and selective sensors. Here, we report a water probe based on ligand-free NaYF4:Yb/Er nanoparticles, utilizing their intrinsically nonlinear upconversion process. The water molecule sensing was realized by monitoring the upconversion emission quenching, which is mainly attributed to efficient energy transfer between upconversion nanoparticles and water molecules as well as water-absorption-induced excitation energy attenuation. The nonlinear upconversion process, together with power function relationship between upconversion emission intensity and excitation power density, offers a sensitive detection of water content down to 0.008 vol % (80 ppm) in an organic solvent. As an added benefit, we show that noncontact detection of water can be achieved just by using water attenuation effect. Moreover, these upconversion nanoparticle based recyclable probes should be particularly suitable for real-time and long-term water monitoring, due to their superior chemical and physical stability. These results could provide insights into the design of upconversion nanoparticle based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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Borodinov N, Giammarco J, Patel N, Agarwal A, O'Donnell KR, Kucera CJ, Jacobsohn LG, Luzinov I. Stability of Grafted Polymer Nanoscale Films toward Gamma Irradiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19455-19465. [PMID: 26259102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present article focuses on the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale polymer grafted films and explores avenues for improvements in their stability toward the ionizing radiation. In terms of applications, we concentrate on enrichment polymer layers (EPLs), which are polymer thin films employed in sensor devices for the detection of chemical and biological substances. Specifically, we have studied the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted EPL films. First, it was determined that a significant level of cross-linking was caused by irradiation in pure PGMA films. The cross-linking is accompanied by the formation of conjugated ester, carbon double bonds, hydroxyl groups, ketone carbonyls, and the elimination of epoxy groups as determined by FTIR. Polystyrene, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, dimethylphenylsilanol, BaF2, and gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the films and were found to mitigate different aspects of the radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Borodinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - James Giammarco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Neil Patel
- Microphotonics Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anuradha Agarwal
- Microphotonics Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katie R O'Donnell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Courtney J Kucera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Luiz G Jacobsohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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