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Li W, Qiao M, Chen Z, Jin X, Su Y, Chen X, Guo L, Zhang Z, Su J. H-bond interaction traps vibrating fluorophore in polyurethane matrix for bifunctional environmental monitoring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37254604 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple strategy is presented for the bifunctional detection of environmental organic vapor and temperature by utilizing H-bond interactions to trap a butterfly-vibration-based fluorophore (DPAC-OH) in a polyurethane (PU) matrix. The method opens up a new path for large-scale environmental inspections and the design of dual-response luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengyuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yonghao Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuanying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lifang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Smith PM, Sutradhar I, Telmer M, Magar R, Farimani AB, Reeja-Jayan B. Isolating Specific vs. Non-Specific Binding Responses in Conducting Polymer Biosensors for Bio-Fingerprinting. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196335. [PMID: 34640658 PMCID: PMC8512428 DOI: 10.3390/s21196335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding challenge for accurate sensing of biomolecules such as proteins concerns specifically detecting a target analyte in a complex sample (e.g., food) without suffering from nonspecific binding or interactions from the target itself or other analytes present in the sample. Every sensor suffers from this fundamental drawback, which limits its sensitivity, specificity, and longevity. Existing efforts to improve signal-to-noise ratio involve introducing additional steps to reduce nonspecific binding, which increases the cost of the sensor. Conducting polymer-based chemiresistive biosensors can be mechanically flexible, are inexpensive, label-free, and capable of detecting specific biomolecules in complex samples without purification steps, making them very versatile. In this paper, a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxyphene) (PEDOT) and poly (3-thiopheneethanol) (3TE) interpenetrating network on polypropylene–cellulose fabric is used as a platform for a chemiresistive biosensor, and the specific and nonspecific binding events are studied using the Biotin/Avidin and Gliadin/G12-specific complementary binding pairs. We observed that specific binding between these pairs results in a negative ΔR with the addition of the analyte and this response increases with increasing analyte concentration. Nonspecific binding was found to have the opposite response, a positive ΔR upon the addition of analyte was seen in nonspecific binding cases. We further demonstrate the ability of the sensor to detect a targeted protein in a dual-protein analyte solution. The machine-learning classifier, random forest, predicted the presence of Biotin with 75% accuracy in dual-analyte solutions. This capability of distinguishing between specific and nonspecific binding can be a step towards solving the problem of false positives or false negatives to which all biosensors are susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil M. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.M.S.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Indorica Sutradhar
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Maxwell Telmer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.M.S.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Rishikesh Magar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.M.S.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.M.S.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.B.F.)
| | - B. Reeja-Jayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (P.M.S.); (M.T.); (R.M.); (A.B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(412)-268-4343
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3
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Jiang X, Yu Z, Ma C, Wang D, Wu Y, Shi C, Li Y, Pang J, Zhang X, Jiang L. Aggregation-Induced Emission Molecule Microwire-Based Specific Organic Vapor Detector through Structural Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12501-12508. [PMID: 33683097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An optical organic vapor sensor array based on colorimetric or fluorescence changes quantified by spectroscopy provides an efficient method for realizing rapid identification and detection of organic vapor, but improving the sensitivity of the optical organic vapor sensor is challenging. Here, AIE/polymer (AIE, ggregation-induced emission) composites into microwires arrays are fabricated as organic vapor sensors with specific recognition and high sensitivity for different vapors using the capillary-bridge-mediated assembly method. Such organic vapor sensor successfully detects organic vapor relying on a swelling-induced fluorescence change of the AIE/polymer composites, combating the unique property of AIE molecules and vapor absorption-induced polymer swelling. A series of AIE/polymer composites into microwires arrays with four different groups on the AIE molecule and four different side chains on the polymer is fabricated to detect four different organic vapors. The mechanism for improved sensitivity of the AIE/polymer composites microwires arrays sensors is the same because of the similar polarity between the group of AIE molecules and the vapor molecules. Molecular design of the side chains of the polymer and the groups of AIE molecules based on the polarity of the targeted vapor molecule can enhance the sensitivity of the sensors to the subparts per million level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jiang
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinhui Pang
- Engineering Research Center of Special Engineering Plastics, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
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5
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Bengasi G, Desport JS, Baba K, Cosas Fernandes JP, De Castro O, Heinze K, Boscher ND. Molecular flattening effect to enhance the conductivity of fused porphyrin tape thin films. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7048-7057. [PMID: 35493879 PMCID: PMC9049719 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The straightforward synthesis of directly fused porphyrins (porphyrin tapes) from 5,15-diphenyl porphyrinato nickel(ii) complexes with different substituents on the phenyl rings is achieved while processing from the gas phase. The porphyrin tapes, exhibiting NIR absorption, are readily obtained in thin film form. The gas phase approach cuts the need for solubilizing groups allowing for the first time the study of their conductivity according to the substituent. 2-Point probe and conductivity AFM measurements evidence that reducing the size of the meso substituents, phenyl < mesityl < di(3,5-tert-butyl)phenyl < di(2,6-dodecyloxy)phenyl, improves the thin film conductivity by several orders of magnitude. Density functional theory and gel permeation chromatography, correlate this improvement to changes in the intermolecular distances and molecular geometry. Furthermore, the oCVD of porphyrins with free ortho-phenyl positions causes intramolecular dehydrogenative side reactions inducing a complete planarization of the molecule. This molecular flattening drastically affects the π–π stacking between the porphyrins further enhancing the electronic properties of the films. This work reports the strong correlation between the conductivity of fused porphyrins thin films and the porphyrin substituents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
| | - Jessica S. Desport
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - João P. Cosas Fernandes
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Olivier De Castro
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
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Acikbas Y, Özkaya C, Bozkurt S, Çapan R, Erdoğan M, Tetik GD. Organic vapor sensing properties and characterization of α-naphthylmethacrylate LB thin films. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1612253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Acikbas
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Cansu Özkaya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Balıkesir, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Bozkurt
- Scientific Analysis Technological Application and Research Center, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
- Vocational School of Health Services, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Rifat Çapan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Balıkesir, Balikesir, Turkey
- Renewable Energy Research, Application and Development Center, Balıkesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Matem Erdoğan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Balıkesir, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Gamze D. Tetik
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
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Haghighi E, Zeinali S. Nanoporous MIL-101(Cr) as a sensing layer coated on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) nanosensor to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). RSC Adv 2019; 9:24460-24470. [PMID: 35527882 PMCID: PMC9069610 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a sensing layer has been attracting great interest over the last decade, due to their high porosity and tunability, which provides a large surface area and active sites for trapping or binding target molecules. MIL-101(Cr) is selected as a good candidate from the MOFs family to fabricate a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) nanosensor for the detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors. The structural and chemical properties of synthesized MIL-101(Cr) are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and so on. A stable and uniform layer of MOF is coated onto the surface of a QCM sensor by the drop casting method. The frequency of the QCM crystal is changed during exposure to different concentrations of target gas molecules. Here, the sensor response to some VOCs with different functional groups and polarities, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-hexane, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and pyridine under N2 atmosphere at ambient conditions is studied. Sensing properties such as sensitivity, reversibility, stability, response time, recovery time, and limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor are investigated. The best sensor response is observed for pyridine detection with sensitivity of 2.793 Hz ppm−1. The sensor shows short response/recovery time (less than two minutes), complete reversibility and repeatability which are attributed to the physisorption of the gases into the MOF pores and high stability of the device. Metal–organic frameworks can be used as sensing layer in QCM fabrication because of their huge surface area.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Haghighi
- Department of Nanochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zeinali
- Department of Nanochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
- Iran
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8
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Functional hybrid nanostructure materials: Advanced strategies for sensing applications toward volatile organic compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang X, Ermez S, Goktas H, Gradečak S, Gleason K. Room Temperature Sensing Achieved by GaAs Nanowires and oCVD Polymer Coating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28407331 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel structures comprised of GaAs nanowire arrays conformally coated with conducting polymers (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-co-3-thiophene acetic acid) display both sensitivity and selectivity to a variety of volatile organic chemicals. A key feature is room temperature operation, so that neither a heater nor the power it would consume, is required. It is a distinct difference from traditional metal oxide sensors, which typically require elevated operational temperature. The GaAs nanowires are prepared directly via self-seeded metal-organic chemical deposition, and conducting polymers are deposited on GaAs nanowires using oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The range of thickness for the oCVD layer is between 100 and 200 nm, which is controlled by changing the deposition time. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates an edge-on alignment of the crystalline structure of the PEDOT coating layer on GaAs nanowires. In addition, the positive correlation between the improvement of sensitivity and the increasing nanowire density is demonstrated. Furthermore, the effect of different oCVD coating materials is studied. The sensing mechanism is also discussed with studies considering both nanowire density and polymer types. Overall, the novel structure exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity in gas sensing, and provides a promising platform for future sensor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sema Ermez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hilal Goktas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Silvija Gradečak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Karen Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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10
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Wang M, Wang X, Moni P, Liu A, Kim DH, Jo WJ, Sojoudi H, Gleason KK. CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604606. [PMID: 28032923 PMCID: PMC7161753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization directly synthesizes organic thin films on a substrate from vapor phase reactants. Dielectric, semiconducting, electrically conducting, and ionically conducting CVD polymers have all been readily integrated into devices. The absence of solvent in the CVD process enables the growth of high-purity layers and avoids the potential of dewetting phenomena, which lead to pinhole defects. By limiting contaminants and defects, ultrathin (<10 nm) CVD polymeric device layers have been fabricated in multiple laboratories. The CVD method is particularly suitable for synthesizing insoluble conductive polymers, layers with high densities of organic functional groups, and robust crosslinked networks. Additionally, CVD polymers are prized for the ability to conformally cover rough surfaces, like those of paper and textile substrates, as well as the complex geometries of micro- and nanostructured devices. By employing low processing temperatures, CVD polymerization avoids damaging substrates and underlying device layers. This report discusses the mechanisms of the major CVD polymerization techniques and the recent progress of their applications in devices and device fabrication, with emphasis on initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Priya Moni
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Andong Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Won Jun Jo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of MechanicalIndustrial & Manufacturing EngineeringThe University of ToledoToledoOhio43606USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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Wang X, Ugur A, Goktas H, Chen N, Wang M, Lachman N, Kalfon-Cohen E, Fang W, Wardle BL, Gleason KK. Room Temperature Resistive Volatile Organic Compound Sensing Materials Based on a Hybrid Structure of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Conformal oCVD/iCVD Polymer Coatings. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Asli Ugur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hilal Goktas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noa Lachman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Estelle Kalfon-Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenjing Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian L. Wardle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and §Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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