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Koball A, Obst F, Gaitzsch J, Voit B, Appelhans D. Boosting Microfluidic Enzymatic Cascade Reactions with pH-Responsive Polymersomes by Spatio-Chemical Activity Control. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400282. [PMID: 38989686 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow reactors permit the implementation of sensitive biocatalysts in polymeric environments (e.g., hydrogel dots), mimicking nature through the use of diverse microstructures within defined confinements. However, establishing complex hybrid structures to mimic biological processes and functions under continuous flow with optimal utilization of all components involved in the reaction process represents a significant scientific challenge. To achieve spatial, chemical, and temporal control for any microfluidic application, compartmentalization is required, as well as the unification of different sensitive compartments in the reaction chamber for the microfluidic flow design. This study presents a self-regulating microfluidic system fabricated by a sequential photostructuring process with an intermediate chemical process step to realize pH-sensitive hybrid structures for the fabrication of a microfluidic double chamber reactor for controlled enzymatic cascade reaction (ECR). The key point is the adaptation and retention of the function of pH-responsive horseradish peroxidase-loaded polymersomes in a microfluidic chip under continuous flow. ECR is successfully triggered and controlled by an interplay between glucose oxidase-converted glucose, the membrane state of pH-responsive polymersomes, and other parameters (e.g., flow rate and fluid composition). This study establishes a promising noninvasive regulatory platform for extended spatio-chemical control of current and future ECR and other cascade reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koball
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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Ghéczy N, Tao S, Pour-Esmaeil S, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Performance of a Flow-Through Enzyme Reactor Prepared from a Silica Monolith and an α-Poly(D-Lysine)-Enzyme Conjugate. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200465. [PMID: 36598452 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently bound in aqueous solution to polycationic α-poly(D-lysine) chains of ≈1000 repeating units length, PDL, via a bis-aryl hydrazone bond (BAH). Under the experimental conditions used, about 15 HRP molecules are bound along the PDL chain. The purified PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate is very stable when stored at micromolar HRP concentration in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution at 4 °C. When a defined volume of such a conjugate solution of desired HRP concentration (i.e., HRP activity) is added to a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith with pore sizes of 20-30 µm as well as below 30 nm, quantitative and stable noncovalent conjugate immobilization is achieved. The HRP-containing monolith can be used as flow-through enzyme reactor for bioanalytical applications at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, as demonstrated for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in diluted honey. The conjugate can be detached from the monolith by simple enzyme reactor washing with an aqueous solution of pH 5.0, enabling reloading with fresh conjugate solution at pH 7.2. Compared to previously investigated polycationic dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates with approximately the same average polymer chain length, the PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate appears to be equally suitable for HRP immobilization on silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Tao
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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Jiao C, Liubimtsev N, Zagradska-Paromova Z, Appelhans D, Gaitzsch J, Voit B. Reversible Molecular Capture and Release in Microfluidics by Host-Guest Interactions in Hydrogel Microdots. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200869. [PMID: 36702804 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microscopic hydrogels with high specific surface area and physically reactive groups into microfluidic systems for selective molecular interactions is attracting increasing attention. Herein, the reversible capture and release of molecules through host-guest interactions of hydrogel dots in a microfluidic device is reported, which translates the supramolecular chemistry to the microscale conditions under continuous flow. Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel arrays with grafted β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (CD-PMOXA) chains are fabricated by photopolymerization and integrated into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-on-glass chip. The β-CD/adamantane (β-CD/Ada) host-guest complex is confirmed by two dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy NMR (2D NOESY NMR) prior to transfer to microfluidics. Ada-modified molecules are successfully captured by host-guest interaction formed between the CD-PMOXA grafted chains in the hydrogel network and the guest molecule in the solution. Furthermore, the captured molecules are released by perfusing free β-CD with higher binding affinity than those grafted in the hydrogel array. A small guest molecule adamantane-fluorescein-isothiocyanate (Ada-FITC) and a macromolecular guest molecule (Ada-PMOXA-Cyanine 5 (Cy5)) are separately captured and released for three times with a release ratio up to 46% and 92%, respectively. The reproducible capture and release of functional molecules with different sizes demonstrates the stability of this hydrogel system in microfluidics and will provide an opportunity for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nikolai Liubimtsev
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Gajos K, Orzech A, Sanocka K, Petrou P, Budkowski A. Covalent and Non-covalent In-Flow Biofunctionalization for Capture Assays on Silicon Chips: White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Immunosensor Combined with TOF-SIMS Resolves Immobilization Stability and Binding Stoichiometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37437262 PMCID: PMC10373486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensors that combine planar transducers with microfluidics to achieve in-flow biofunctionalization and assay were analyzed here regarding surface binding capacity, immobilization stability, binding stoichiometry, and amount and orientation of surface-bound IgG antibodies. Two IgG immobilization schemes, by physical adsorption [3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)] and glutaraldehyde covalent coupling (APTES/GA), followed by blocking with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and streptavidin (STR) capture, are monitored with white light reflectance spectroscopy (WLRS) sensors as thickness dΓ of the adlayer formed on top of aminosilanized silicon chips. Multi-protein surface composition (IgG, BSA, and STR) is determined by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) combined with principal component analysis (applying barycentric coordinates to the score plot). In-flow immobilization shows at least 1.7 times higher surface binding capacity than static adsorption. In contrast to physical immobilization, which is unstable during blocking with BSA, chemisorbed antibodies desorb (reducing dΓ) only when the bilayer is formed. Also, TOF-SIMS data show that IgG molecules are partially exchanged with BSA on APTES but not on APTES/GA modified chips. This is confirmed by the WLRS data that show different binding stoichiometry between the two immobilization schemes for the direct binding IgG/anti-IgG assay. The identical binding stoichiometry for STR capture results from partial replacement with BSA of vertically aligned antibodies on APTES, with fraction of exposed Fab domains higher than on APTES/GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gajos
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Alicja Orzech
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Karolina Sanocka
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, P. Grigoriou & Neapoleos Street, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
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Ghéczy N, Xu W, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Controllable Enzyme Immobilization via Simple and Quantitative Adsorption of Dendronized Polymer-Enzyme Conjugates Inside a Silica Monolith for Enzymatic Flow-Through Reactor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26610-26631. [PMID: 35936452 PMCID: PMC9352229 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many different methods are known for the immobilization of enzymes on solid supports for use in flow-through applications as enzyme reactors, the reproducible immobilization of predetermined amounts of catalytically active enzyme molecules remains challenging. This challenge was tackled using a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith as a support and dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates. The conjugates were first prepared in an aqueous solution by covalently linking enzyme molecules and either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) along the chains of a water-soluble second-generation dendronized polymer using an established procedure. The obtained conjugates are stable biohybrid structures in which the linking unit between the dendronized polymer and each enzyme molecule is a bisaryl hydrazone (BAH) bond. Quantitative and reproducible enzyme immobilization inside the monolith is possible by simply adding a defined volume of a conjugate solution of a defined enzyme concentration to a dry monolith piece of the desired size. In that way, (i) the entire volume of the conjugate solution is taken up by the monolith piece due to capillary forces and (ii) all conjugates of the added conjugate solution remain stably adsorbed (immobilized) noncovalently without detectable leakage from the monolith piece. The observed flow-through activity of the resulting enzyme reactors was directly proportional to the amount of conjugate used for the reactor preparation. With conjugate solutions consisting of defined amounts of both types of conjugates, the controlled coimmobilization of the two enzymes, namely, BCA and HRP, was shown to be possible in a simple way. Different stability tests of the enzyme reactors were carried out. Finally, the enzyme reactors were applied to the catalysis of a two-enzyme cascade reaction in two types of enzymatic flow-through reactor systems with either coimmobilized or sequentially immobilized BCA and HRP. Depending on the composition of the substrate solution that was pumped through the two types of enzyme reactor systems, the coimmobilized enzymes performed significantly better than the sequentially immobilized ones. This difference, however, is not due to a molecular proximity effect with regard to the enzymes but rather originates from the kinetic features of the cascade reaction used. Overall, the method developed for the controllable and reproducible immobilization of enzymes in the macro- and mesoporous silica monolith offers many possibilities for systematic investigations of immobilized enzymes in enzymatic flow-through reactors, potentially for any type of enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Weina Xu
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Księdza Marcina Strzody 7, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B. Jarzębski
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Baltycka 5, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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Zhu C, Yang S, Li H, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Shen F, Zhang L, Yang P, Liu X. Rapid sample preparation workflow based on enzymatic nanoreactors for potential serum biomarker discovery in pancreatic cancer. Talanta 2022; 238:123018. [PMID: 34808569 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have been extensively applied in clinical practice to discover potential protein and peptide biomarkers. However, the traditional sample pretreatment workflow remains labor-intensive and time-consuming, which limits the application of MS-based proteomic biomarker discovery studies in a high throughput manner. In the current work, we improved the previously reported procedure of the simple and rapid sample preparation methods (RSP) by introducing macroporous ordered siliceous foams (MOSF), namely RSP-MOSF. With the aid of MOSF, we further reduced the digestion time to 10 min, facilitating the whole sample handling process within 30 min. Combining with 30 min direct data independent acquisition (DIA) of LC-MS/MS, we accomplished a serum sample analysis in 1 h. Comparing with the RSP method, the performance of protein and peptide identification, quantitation, as well as the reproducibility of RSP-MOSF is comparable or even outperformed the RSP method. We further applied this workflow to analyze serum samples for potential candidate biomarker discovery of pancreatic cancer. Overall, 576 serum proteins were detected with 41 proteins significantly changed, which could serve as potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of RSP-MOSF method in a 96-well plate format which demonstrated an excellent reproducibility of the analysis. These results indicated that RSP-MOSF method had the potential to be applied on an automatic platform for further scaled analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Zhu
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yueting Xiong
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fenglin Shen
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- The Fifth People Hospital, Fudan University, And the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Panraksa Y, Amin AG, Graham B, Henry CS, Chatterjee D. Immobilization of Proteinase K for urine pretreatment to improve diagnostic accuracy of active tuberculosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257615. [PMID: 34547058 PMCID: PMC8454978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) calls for the development of a rapid, biomarker-based, non-sputum test capable of detecting all forms of tuberculosis (TB) at the point-of-care to enable immediate treatment initiation. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is the only WHO-endorsed TB biomarker that can be detected in urine, an easily collected sample matrix. For obtaining optimal sensitivity, we and others have shown that some form of sample pretreatment is necessary to remove background from patient urine samples. A number of systems are paper-based often destined for resource limited settings. Our current work presents incorporation of one such sample pretreatment, proteinase K (ProK) immobilized on paper (IPK) and test its performance in comparison to standard proteinase K (SPK) treatment that involves addition and deactivation at high temperature prior to performing a capture ELISA. Herein, a simple and economical method was developed for using ProK immobilized strips to pretreat urine samples. Simplification and cost reduction of the proposed pretreatment strip were achieved by using Whatman no.1 paper and by minimizing the concentration of ProK (an expensive but necessary reagent) used to pretreat the clinical samples prior to ELISA. To test the applicability of IPK, capture ELISA was carried out on either LAM-spiked urine or the clinical samples after pretreatment with ProK at 400 μg/mL for 30 minutes at room temperature. The optimal conditions and stability of the IPK were tested and validation was performed on a set of 25 previously analyzed archived clinical urine samples with known TB and HIV status. The results of IPK and SPK treated samples were in agreement showing that the urine LAM test currently under development has the potential to reach adult and pediatric patients regardless of HIV status or site of infection, and to facilitate global TB control to improve assay performance and ultimately treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosita Panraksa
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Anita G. Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Xu W, Jiao L, Wu Y, Hu L, Gu W, Zhu C. Metal-Organic Frameworks Enhance Biomimetic Cascade Catalysis for Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005172. [PMID: 33893661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple enzymes-induced biological cascade catalysis guides efficient and selective substrate transformations in vivo. The biomimetic cascade systems, as ingenious strategies for signal transduction and amplification, have a wide range of applications in biosensing. However, the fragile nature of enzymes greatly limits their wide applications. In this regard, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with porous structures, unique nano/microenvironments, and good biocompatibility have been skillfully used as carriers to immobilize enzymes for shielding them against hash surroundings and improving the catalytic efficiency. For another, nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties and brilliant stabilities (nanozymes), have been widely applied to ameliorate the low stability of the enzymes. Inheriting the abovementioned merits of MOFs, the performances of MOFs-immboilized nanozymes could be significantly enhanced. Furthermore, in addition to carriers, some MOFs can also serve as nanozymes, expanding their applications in cascade systems. Herein, recent advances in the fabrication of efficient MOFs-involving enzymes/nanozymes cascade systems and biosensing applications are highlighted. Integrating diversified signal output modes, including colorimetry, electrochemistry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, sensitive detection of various targets (including biological molecules, environmental pollutants, enzyme activities, and so on) are realized. Finally, challenges and opportunities about further constructions and applications of MOFs-involving cascade reaction systems are briefly put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Liuyong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wenling Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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9
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Biocatalysis in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Reactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 179:211-246. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Ghéczy N, Sasaki K, Yoshimoto M, Pour-Esmaeil S, Kröger M, Stano P, Walde P. A two-enzyme cascade reaction consisting of two reaction pathways. Studies in bulk solution for understanding the performance of a flow-through device with immobilised enzymes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18655-18676. [PMID: 35518281 PMCID: PMC9053938 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalysed cascade reactions in flow-through systems with immobilised enzymes currently are of great interest for exploring their potential for biosynthetic and bioanalytical applications. Basic studies in this field often aim at understanding the stability of the immobilised enzymes and their catalytic performance, for example, in terms of yield of a desired reaction product, analyte detection limit, enzyme stability or reaction reproducibility. In the work presented, a cascade reaction involving the two enzymes bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) – with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as HRP “activator” – was first investigated in great detail in bulk solution at pH = 7.2. The reaction studied is the hydrolysis and oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) to 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which was found to proceed along two reaction pathways. This two-enzyme cascade reaction was then applied for analysing the performance of BCA and HRP immobilised in glass fiber filters which were placed inside a filter holder device through which a DCFH2-DA/H2O2 substrate solution was pumped. Comparison was made between (i) co-immobilised and (ii) sequentially immobilised enzymes (BCA first, HRP second). Significant differences for the two arrangements in terms of measured product yield (DCF) could be explained based on quantitative UV/vis absorption measurements carried out in bulk solution. We found that the lower DCF yield observed for sequentially immobilised enzymes originates from a change in one of the two possible reaction pathways due to enzyme separation, which was not the case for enzymes that were co-immobilised (or simultaneously present in the bulk solution experiments). The higher DCF yield observed for co-immobilised enzymes did not originate from a molecular proximity effect (no increased oxidation compared to sequential immobilisation). A cascade reaction catalysed by bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) proceeds over two possible pathways, which explains differences in product formation for differently immobilised enzymes in flow-through reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kai Sasaki
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University Tokiwadai 2-16-1 Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento Ecotekne 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Obst F, Beck A, Bishayee C, Mehner PJ, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. Hydrogel Microvalves as Control Elements for Parallelized Enzymatic Cascade Reactions in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E167. [PMID: 32033413 PMCID: PMC7074747 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalized microfluidic devices with immobilized catalysts are a valuable tool for overcoming the incompatibility challenge in (bio) catalytic cascade reactions and high-throughput screening of multiple reaction parameters. To achieve flow control in microfluidics, stimuli-responsive hydrogel microvalves were previously introduced. However, an application of this valve concept for the control of multistep reactions was not yet shown. To fill this gap, we show the integration of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) microvalves (diameter: 500 and 600 µm) into PDMS-on-glass microfluidic devices for the control of parallelized enzyme-catalyzed cascade reactions. As a proof-of-principle, the biocatalysts glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and myoglobin (Myo) were immobilized in photopatterned hydrogel dot arrays (diameter of the dots: 350 µm, amount of enzymes: 0.13-2.3 µg) within three compartments of the device. Switching of the microvalves was achieved within 4 to 6 s and thereby the fluid pathway of the enzyme substrate solution (5 mmol/L) in the device was determined. Consequently, either the enzyme cascade reaction GOx-HRP or GOx-Myo was performed and continuously quantified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The functionality of the microvalves was shown in four hourly switching cycles and visualized by the path-dependent substrate conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (C.B.); (B.V.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (P.J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Chayan Bishayee
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (C.B.); (B.V.)
| | - Philipp J. Mehner
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (P.J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (P.J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (C.B.); (B.V.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (C.B.); (B.V.)
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12
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Shao L, Jia Y, Zhang X. Microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactors for continuous biocatalysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates strategies for employing μ-IMERs for continuous biocatalysis via a top-down approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI
- Institute of Microelectronics
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
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13
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Hydrophilic spacer-arm containing magnetic nanoparticles for immobilization of proteinase K: Employment for speciation of proteins for mass spectrometry-based analysis. Talanta 2020; 206:120218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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15
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Hou C, Ghéczy N, Messmer D, Szymańska K, Adamcik J, Mezzenga R, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Stable Immobilization of Enzymes in a Macro- and Mesoporous Silica Monolith. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7795-7806. [PMID: 31459868 PMCID: PMC6648689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRP) and Engyodontium album proteinase K (proK) were immobilized inside macro- and mesoporous silica monoliths. Stable immobilization was achieved through simple noncovalent adsorption of conjugates, which were prepared from a polycationic, water-soluble second generation dendronized polymer (denpol) and the enzymes. Conjugates prepared from three denpols with the same type of repeating unit (r.u.), but different average lengths were compared. It was shown that there is no obvious advantage of using denpols with very long chains. Excellent results were achieved with denpols having on average 750 or 1000 r.u. The enzyme-loaded monoliths were tested as flow reactors. Comparison was made with microscopy glass coverslips onto which the conjugates were immobilized and with glass micropipettes containing adsorbed conjugates. High enzyme loading was achieved using the monoliths. Monoliths containing immobilized denpol-HRP conjugates exhibited good operational stability at 25 °C (for at least several hours), and good storage stability at 4 °C (at least for weeks) was demonstrated. Such HRP-containing monoliths were applied as continuous flow reactors for the quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution between 1 μM (34 ng/mL) and 50 μM (1.7 μg/mL). Although many methods for immobilizing enzymes on silica surfaces exist, there are only a few approaches with porous silica materials for the development of flow reactors. The work presented is a promising contribution to this field of research toward bioanalytical and biosynthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmin Hou
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging and Digital
Media, Xi’an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road 5#, Xi’an City, 710048 Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nicolas Ghéczy
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej B. Jarzębski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Obst F, Simon D, Mehner PJ, Neubauer JW, Beck A, Stroyuk O, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. One-step photostructuring of multiple hydrogel arrays for compartmentalized enzyme reactions in microfluidic devices. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A moulding technique is presented for the simultaneous photostructuring on the μm scale of hydrogels with nanomaterials on one substrate, usable for the fabrication of microfluidic double-chamber reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - David Simon
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Philipp J. Mehner
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Jens W. Neubauer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Physikalische Chemie
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
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17
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Yoshimoto M, Schweizer T, Rathlef M, Pleij T, Walde P. Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase in Glass Micropipettes and Glass Fiber Filters for Flow-Through Reactor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10391-10405. [PMID: 31459167 PMCID: PMC6645021 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There are various ways of immobilizing carbonic anhydrase (CA) on solid materials. One of the final aims is to apply immobilized CA for the catalytic hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a first step in the conversion of gaseous CO2 into solid products. The immobilization method investigated allows a straightforward, stable, and quantifiable immobilization of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (BCA) on silicate surfaces. The method is based on the use of a water-soluble, polycationic second-generation dendronized polymer with on average 1000 repeating units, abbreviated as de-PG21000. Several copies of BCA were first covalently linked to de-PG21000 through stable bisaryl hydrazone (BAH) bonds. Then, the de-PG21000-BAH-BCA conjugates obtained were adsorbed noncovalently either on microscopy glass coverslips, inside glass micropipettes, or in porous glass fiber filters. The apparent density of the immobilized BCA on the glass surfaces was about 8-10 pmol/cm2. In all three cases, the immobilized enzyme was highly active and stable when tested with p-nitrophenyl acetate as a model enzyme substrate at room temperature. The micropipettes and the glass fiber filters were applied as flow-through systems for continuous operation at room temperature. In the case of the glass fiber filters, the filters were placed inside a homemade flow-through filter holder which allows flow-through runs with more than one filter connected in series. This offers the opportunity of increasing the substrate conversion by increasing the number of BCA-containing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | - Thomas Schweizer
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Rathlef
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tazio Pleij
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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18
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Liu X, Tang B, Long J, Zhang W, Liu X, Mirza Z. The development of MOFs-based nanomaterials in heterogeneous organocatalysis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:502-524. [PMID: 36658811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) is a class of inorganic-organic hybrid material assembled periodically with metal ions and organic ligands. MOFs have always been the focuses in a variety of frontier fields owing to the advantageous properties, such as large BET surface areas, tunable porosity and easy-functionalized surface structure. Among the various application areas, catalysis is one of the earliest application fields of MOFs-based materials and is one of the fastest-growing topics. In this review, the main roles of MOFs in heterogeneous organocatalysis have been systematically summarized, including used as support materials (or hosts), independent catalysts, and sacrificial templates. Moreover, the application prospects of MOFs in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis frontiers were also mentioned. Finally, the key issues that should be conquered in future were briefly sketched in the final parts of each item. We hope our perspectives could be beneficial for the readers to better understand these topics and issues, and could also provide a direction for the future exploration of some novel types of MOFs-based nanocatalysts with stable structures and functions for heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Bing Tang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Jilan Long
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zakaria Mirza
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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19
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Viefhues M, McIlroy DN, Vrouwe EX, Nidetzky B. A Spring in Performance: Silica Nanosprings Boost Enzyme Immobilization in Microfluidic Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34641-34649. [PMID: 28921951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme microreactors are important tools of miniaturized analytics and have promising applications in continuous biomanufacturing. A fundamental problem of their design is that plain microchannels without extensive static internals, or packings, offer limited exposed surface area for immobilizing the enzyme. To boost the immobilization in a manner broadly applicable to enzymes, we coated borosilicate microchannels with silica nanosprings and attached the enzyme, sucrose phosphorylase, via a silica-binding module genetically fused to it. We showed with confocal fluorescence microscopy that the enzyme was able to penetrate the ∼70 μm-thick nanospring layer and became distributed uniformly in it. Compared with the plain surface, the activity of immobilized enzyme was enhanced 4.5-fold upon surface coating with nanosprings and further increased up to 10-fold by modifying the surface of the nanosprings with sulfonate groups. Operational stability during continuous-flow biocatalytic synthesis of α-glucose 1-phosphate was improved by a factor of 11 when the microreactor coated with nanosprings was used. More than 85% of the initial conversion rate was retained after 840 reactor cycles performed with a single loading of enzyme. By varying the substrate flow rate, the microreactor performance was conveniently switched between steady states of quantitative product yield (50 mM) and optimum productivity (19 mM min-1) at a lower product yield of 40%. Surface coating with silica nanosprings thus extends the possibilities for enzyme immobilization in microchannels. It effectively boosts the biocatalytic function of a microstructured reactor limited otherwise by the solid surface available for immobilizing the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V. , Colosseum 15, 7521 PV, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-3072, United States
| | - Elwin X Vrouwe
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V. , Colosseum 15, 7521 PV, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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20
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Spycher PR, Amann CA, Wehrmüller JE, Hurwitz DR, Kreis O, Messmer D, Ritler A, Küchler A, Blanc A, Béhé M, Walde P, Schibli R. Dual, Site-Specific Modification of Antibodies by Using Solid-Phase Immobilized Microbial Transglutaminase. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1923-1927. [PMID: 28771896 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was stably solid-phase immobilized on glass microbeads by using a second-generation dendronized polymer. Immobilized MTG enabled the efficient generation of site-specifically conjugated proteins, including antibody fragments, as well as whole antibodies through distinct glutamines and, unprecedentedly, also through lysines with various bifunctional substrates with defined stoichiometries. With this method, we generated dual, site-specifically modified antibodies comprising a fluorescent probe and a metal chelator for radiolabeling-a strategy anticipated to design antibodies for imaging and simultaneous therapy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that immobilized MTG features higher siteselectivity than soluble MTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Spycher
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Amann
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jöri E Wehrmüller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - David R Hurwitz
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Kreis
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ritler
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Küchler
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Blanc
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Xing Y, Sun G, Speiser E, Esser N, Dittrich PS. Localized Synthesis of Conductive Copper-Tetracyanoquinodimethane Nanostructures in Ultrasmall Microchambers for Nanoelectronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17271-17278. [PMID: 28443325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the microfluidic-assisted synthesis of copper-tetracyanoquinodimethane (Cu-TCNQ) nanostructures in an ambient environment is reported for the first time. A two-layer microfluidic device comprising parallel actuated microchambers was used for the synthesis and enabled excellent fluid handling for the continuous and multiple chemical reactions in confined ultrasmall chambers. Different precautions were applied to ensure the reduction state of copper (Cu) for the synthesis of Cu-TCNQ charge-transfer compounds. The localized synthesis of Cu and in situ transformation to Cu-TCNQ complexes in solution were achieved by applying different gas pressures in the control layer. Additionally, various diameters of the Cu-TCNQ nano/microstructures were obtained by adjusting the concentration of the precursors and reaction time. After the synthesis, platinum (Pt) microelectrode arrays, which were aligned at the microchambers, could enable the in situ measurements of the electronic properties of the synthesized nanostructures without further manipulation. The as-prepared Cu-TCNQ wire bundles showed good conductivity and a reversible hysteretic switching effect, which proved the possibility in using them to build advanced nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Xing
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guoguang Sun
- Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Speiser
- Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Esser
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Küchler A, Messmer D, Schlüter AD, Walde P. Preparation and Applications of Dendronized Polymer-Enzyme Conjugates. Methods Enzymol 2017; 590:445-474. [PMID: 28411648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates are large, water-soluble macromolecular structures built from a linear, fully synthetic, dendronized polymer (denpol), and several copies of enzyme molecules covalently bound to the peripheral functional groups of the denpol. Since denpol chains comprise repeating units with regularly branched side chains (dendrons), denpols have a cylindrical shape and are much thicker than conventional linear polymers. Depending on the dendron generation and chemical structure, denpols may have a large number of functional groups on their surface, exposed to the aqueous medium in which they are dissolved. Enzymes (and also other molecules) can be attached to these functional groups, for example, via a stable bis-aryl hydrazone (BAH) bond. The dendronized polymer scaffold might also serve as a nanoarmor and stabilize the delicate enzymes. One of the denpols which can be used for the preparation of denpol-enzyme conjugates is de-PG2. It has a poly(methacrylate) backbone and consists of second-generation dendrons with four peripheral amino groups in each repeating unit. The synthesis of de-PG2 and the preparation of a de-PG2 conjugate carrying BAH-linked proteinase K (proK), as an example, are described here for applications in the field of enzyme immobilization on solid surfaces. The nanoarmored enzyme-polymer conjugate indicated high stability and retention of enzymatic activity.
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23
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Yan L, Qiao L, Ji J, Li Y, Yin X, Lin L, Liu X, Yao J, Wang Y, Liu B, Qian K, Liu B, Yang P. In-tip nanoreactors for cancer cells proteome profiling. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 949:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Majewski MB, Howarth AJ, Li P, Wasielewski MR, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Enzyme encapsulation in metal–organic frameworks for applications in catalysis. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various methods for encapsulating enzymes in metal–organic frameworks are discussed and the catalytic activity of biocomposites prepared using these methods is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek B. Majewski
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
| | | | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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25
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Wakabayashi R, Yahiro K, Hayashi K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Protein-Grafted Polymers Prepared Through a Site-Specific Conjugation by Microbial Transglutaminase for an Immunosorbent Assay. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:422-430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Wakabayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yahiro
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Hayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hitachi Aloka
Medical, Ltd., 3-7-19 Imai, Ome-shi, Tokyo 198-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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26
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Ghéczy N, Küchler A, Walde P. Proteinase K activity determination with β-galactosidase as sensitive macromolecular substrate. Anal Biochem 2016; 513:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Ren J, Tian K, Jia L, Han X, Zhao M. Rapid Covalent Immobilization of Proteins by Phenol-Based Photochemical Cross-Linking. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2266-2270. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology and ‡School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Tian
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology and ‡School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology and ‡School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyou Han
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology and ‡School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Mingshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology and ‡School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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28
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Küchler A, Yoshimoto M, Luginbühl S, Mavelli F, Walde P. Enzymatic reactions in confined environments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:409-20. [PMID: 27146955 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Within each biological cell, surface- and volume-confined enzymes control a highly complex network of chemical reactions. These reactions are efficient, timely, and spatially defined. Efforts to transfer such appealing features to in vitro systems have led to several successful examples of chemical reactions catalysed by isolated and immobilized enzymes. In most cases, these enzymes are either bound or adsorbed to an insoluble support, physically trapped in a macromolecular network, or encapsulated within compartments. Advanced applications of enzymatic cascade reactions with immobilized enzymes include enzymatic fuel cells and enzymatic nanoreactors, both for in vitro and possible in vivo applications. In this Review, we discuss some of the general principles of enzymatic reactions confined on surfaces, at interfaces, and inside small volumes. We also highlight the similarities and differences between the in vivo and in vitro cases and attempt to critically evaluate some of the necessary future steps to improve our fundamental understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küchler
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Chemistry Department, University 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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