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Curley SJ, Szczepanski CR. Interfacial energy as an approach to designing amphipathic surfaces during photopolymerization curing. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3854-3867. [PMID: 38651540 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) is a platform capable of creating heterogeneous materials from initially miscible resin solutions, where both the reaction's governing thermodynamics and kinetics significantly influence the resulting phase composition and morphology. Here, PIPS is used to develop materials in a single photopolymerization step that are hydrophobic on one face and hydrophilic on the other. These two faces possess a water contact angle difference of 50°, bridged by a bulk-scale chemical gradient. The impact of the PIPS-triggering inert additive is investigated by increasing the loading of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in an acrylonitrile/1,6-hexanediol diacrylate comonomer resin. The extent of phase separation in the sample network depends on this loading, with increasing PMMA corresponding to macroscale domains that are more chemically and mechanically distinct. A significant period between the onsets of phase separation and reaction deceleration, determined using in situ FT-IR, facilitates this enhanced phase segregation in PMMA-modified samples. Spatially directed domain formation can be further promoted using multiple interface types in the sample mold, here, glass and stainless steel. With multiple interface types, interfacial rearrangements to minimize surface energy during resin photopolymerization result in a hydrophobic face that is nitrile-rich and a hydrophilic face that is nitrile-poor (e.g., acrylate-rich). Using this strategy, patterned wettability on a single face can also be engineered. This study illustrates the capabilities of PIPS for complex surface design and in applications requiring stark differences in surface character without sharp interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Curley
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Fu D, Holles SB, England E, Zhang Y, Cheng S, Szczepanski C. Compatibility versus reaction diffusion: Factors that determine the heterogeneity of polymerized adhesive networks. Dent Mater 2024; 40:800-810. [PMID: 38485599 PMCID: PMC11098697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heterogeneity and phase separation during network polymerization is a major issue contributing to the failure of dental adhesives. This study investigates how the ratio of hydrophobic crosslinkers to hydrophilic comonomer (C/H ratio), as well as cosolvent fraction (ethanol/water) influences the degree of heterogeneity and proclivity for phase separation in a series of model adhesive formulations. METHODS Twelve formulations were investigated, with 4 different C/H ratios (7:1, 2.2:1, 1:1, 0.5:1) and 3 different overall cosolvent fractions (0, 10 and 20 wt%). The heterogeneity and phase behavior were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULTS In resins without cosolvent, all characterizations confirm reduced heterogeneity as C/H ratio decreases. However, when 10 or 20 wt% of cosolvent is included in the adhesive formulation, a higher degree of heterogeneity and even distinct phase separation with domains ranging from a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers in size form. This is particularly noticeable at lower C/H ratios, which is surprising as HEMA is commonly considered a compatibilizer between hydrophobic crosslinkers and aqueous (co)solvents. SIGNIFICANCE Our experiments demonstrate that formulations with lower C/H ratio and thus a lower viscosity experience later onsets of diffusion limitations during polymerization, which favors thermodynamically driven phase separation. Therefore, to determine or predict the resulting phase structure of adhesive materials, it is necessary to consider the kinetics and diffusion constraints during the formation of the polymer network and not just the compatibility of resin constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghao Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Beth Holles
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Emily England
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Yunlu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Caroline Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Tian W, Li C, Liu K, Ma F, Chu K, Tang X, Wang Z, Yue S, Qu S. Fabrication of Transferable and Micro/Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using Demolding and iCVD Processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2368-2375. [PMID: 36574499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces possess enormous potential in various applications on account of their versatile functionalities. However, artificial superhydrophobic surfaces with ultralow solid/liquid adhesion often require complicated structure fabrication and surface fluorination processes. Here, we designed a superhydrophobic surface possessed of micro/nanoscale structures by employing facile and low-cost demolding and initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) processes. The achieved micro/nanostructured superhydrophobic surface has a maximum static contact angle of ∼170°, a roll-off angle and contact angle hysteresis below 1°, ultralow solid/liquid adhesion for water droplets, and maintains excellent superhydrophobicity after exposure to strongly corrosive species, like strong acid/base and salt solutions, for 60 h. This reasonability-designed method of creating the superhydrophobic surface could provide valuable guidelines for the manufacture of transferable superhydrophobic surfaces and facilitate potential applications extending from optoelectronic devices to self-cleaning materials, such as solar cells, windows, and electronic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaiwen Chu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengchun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Calvez I, Szczepanski CR, Landry V. Hybrid Free-Radical/Cationic Phase-Separated UV-Curable System: Impact of Photoinitiator Content and Monomer Fraction on Surface Morphologies and Gloss Appearance. Macromolecules 2022; 55:3129-3139. [PMID: 35502195 PMCID: PMC9048687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous photopolymerization of radical and cationic systems is one strategy to generate polymer network architectures named interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). In these hybrid systems, phase separation and final polymer morphology are ultimately governed by thermodynamic incompatibility and polymerization kinetics. This behavior is quite complex, as numerous factors can affect polymerization kinetics including monomer/oligomer viscosity and structure, light intensity, photoinitiator content and absorbance, cross-linking, vitrification, etc. In this work, the impact of photoinitiator concentration and monomer fraction on surface morphologies in a hybrid radical/cationic phase-separated system was examined. Wrinkles formed on the surface of photopolymerized films depend on the polymerization rate and acrylate/epoxy ratio. This phenomenon is partially explained by the rapid polymerization rate associated with the development of an epoxy matrix and a smaller acrylate domain. The size and shape of the wrinkles can be controlled by varying formulation parameters (mainly, composition) and photoinitiator content. It was possible to create surface roughness and consequently decrease the gloss by controlling the polymerization kinetics and phase-separated morphology. This study demonstrates that the morphology, polymerization kinetics, and film properties (e.g., gloss, transparency) can be manipulated with the ratio of the acrylate/epoxy mixture and the photoinitiator content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Calvez
- NSERC−Canlak Industrial Research Chair in interior Wood-Products finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Caroline R. Szczepanski
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Véronic Landry
- NSERC−Canlak Industrial Research Chair in interior Wood-Products finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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5
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Hasa E, Lee TY, Allan Guymon C. Controlling phase separated domains in UV-curable formulations with OH-functionalized prepolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of photocurable radical systems with high molecular weight prepolymers enables access to a wide array of polymer structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erion Hasa
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tai Yeon Lee
- Covestro Additive Manufacturing, 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Zhu H, Cai S, Liao G, Gao ZF, Min X, Huang Y, Jin S, Xia F. Recent Advances in Photocatalysis Based on Bioinspired Superwettabilities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Cai
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Min
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
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7
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In-situ construction of superhydrophobic PVDF membrane via NaCl-H2O induced polymer incipient gelation for membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Chen TL, Huang CY, Xie YT, Chiang YY, Chen YM, Hsueh HY. Bioinspired Durable Superhydrophobic Surface from a Hierarchically Wrinkled Nanoporous Polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40875-40885. [PMID: 31588736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by complex multifunctional leaves, in this study, we created robust hierarchically wrinkled nanoporous polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) surfaces that exhibit superhydrophobic properties by combination of PTFE micellization and spontaneous surface wrinkling on a commercially available thermoretractable polystyrene (PS) sheet. A PTFE dispersion was coated onto the PS sheet, followed by thermal treatment to remove the surfactants surrounding the PTFE particles, and surface wrinkling was induced through a dynamic thermal contraction process. Thermally induced contraction from the PS sheet provided the driving force for developing and stabilizing micrometer-sized wrinkle formation, whereas the nanometer-sized PTFE particle aggregation formed a rigid nanoporous film, providing its intrinsic hydrophobic character. By combining the hierarchical interfacial structure and chemical composition, hierarchically wrinkled nanoporous PTFE surfaces were fabricated, which exhibited extremely high water repellence (water contact angle of ∼167°) and a water rolling-off angle lower than 5°. The wrinkled patterns could intimately bind the nanoporous PTFE layer through enhanced adhesion from their curved surface and viscous liquid surfactants, making these surfaces mechanically robust and offering potentially extendable alternatives with self-cleaning, antifouling, and drag-reducing properties.
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9
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Shen L, Lai Y, Fu H. Fabrication of flower clusters‐like superhydrophobic surface via a UV curable coating of ODA and V‐PDMS. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Heqing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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10
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Hasa E, Scholte JP, Jessop JLP, Stansbury JW, Guymon CA. Kinetically Controlled Photoinduced Phase Separation for Hybrid Radical/Cationic Systems. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erion Hasa
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Jon P. Scholte
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Julie L. P. Jessop
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, United States
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
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11
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Chekurov KE, Barabanova AI, Blagodatskikh IV, Lokshin BV, Peregudov AS, Abramchuk SS, Khokhlov AR. Synthesis and Self-Assembling of Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers of 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorostyrene. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500819020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Rapid, Template-Less Patterning of Polymeric Interfaces for Controlled Wettability via in Situ Heterogeneous Photopolymerizations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Flynn Bolte KT, Balaraman RP, Jiao K, Tustison M, Kirkwood KS, Zhou C, Kohli P. Probing Liquid-Solid and Vapor-Liquid-Solid Interfaces of Hierarchical Surfaces Using High-Resolution Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3720-3730. [PMID: 29486565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-solid (LS) and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) interfaces are important for the fundamental understanding of how surface chemistry impacts industrial processes and applications. Superhydrophobic surfaces, from structural hierarchies, were fabricated by coating flat smooth surfaces with hollow glass microspheres. These surfaces are referred to as structural hierarchical-modified microsphere surfaces (SHiMMs). Two-phase LS and three-phase VLS interfaces of water droplets on SHiMMs, with an apparent static contact angle (aSCA) of ∼160°, were probed at microscale using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and high-resolution optical microscopy (OM). Both ESEM and OM confirmed the presence of air pockets in 3-150 μm range at the VLS triple-phase of the droplet peripheral contact line. The wetting characteristics of the LS interface in the interior of the water droplet were probed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy, which corroborated well with the VLS triple-phase observations, confirming the presence of both the microscale air pockets and fractional complete wetting of the SHiMMs. The superhydrophobic water droplets on the SHiMMs also exhibited relatively high adhesion to the SHiMMs-a tilt angle of 10°-40° was needed for detaching the droplets off the surfaces. Semiquantitative three-phase contact-line analysis and experimental data indicated high-water aSCA, and large adhesion on the microscale-roughened SHiMMs is attributed to pinning of the probe liquid both at the triple VLS and interior LS interfaces. The control over microroughness and surface chemistry of the SHiMMs will allow tuning of both the static and dynamic liquid-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60201 , United States
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14
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Huang Y, Zhang W, Ruan G, Li X, Cong Y, Du F, Li J. Reduced Graphene Oxide-Hybridized Polymeric High-Internal Phase Emulsions for Highly Efficient Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water Matrix. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3661-3668. [PMID: 29502419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-hybridized polymeric high-internal phase emulsions (RGO/polyHIPEs) with an open-cell structure and hydrophobicity have been successfully prepared using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the monomer and the cross-linker, respectively. The adsorption mechanism and performance of this RGO/polyHIPEs to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated. Adsorption isotherms of PAHs on RGO/polyHIPEs show that the saturated adsorption capacity is 47.5 mg/g and the equilibrium time is 8 h. Cycling tests show that the adsorption capacity of RGO/polyHIPEs remains stable in 10 adsorption-desorption cycles without observable structure change in RGO/polyHIPEs. Moreover, the PAH residues in water samples after being purified by RGO/polyHIPEs are lower than the limit values in drinking water set by the European Food Safety Authority. These results demonstrate that the RGO/polyHIPEs have great potentiality in PAH removal and water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Xianxian Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Yongzheng Cong
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Fuyou Du
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection , Guangxi 541004 , China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , Guangxi 541004 , China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection , Guangxi 541004 , China
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15
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Pan Z, Peng R, Tang J, Chen L, Cheng F, Zhao B. Surface-Segregation-Induced Nanopapillae on FDTS-Blended PDMS Film and Implications in Wettability, Adhesion, and Friction Behaviors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7476-7486. [PMID: 29420009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer composites have been extensively used to tune the surface property (e.g., wettability, friction, and adhesion) for its advantages of cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, and ease of fabrication. In this work, different amount of trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (FDTS) was added into poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer to prepare polymer composite films and were selected as a model to illustrate the effects of surface segregation on surface topology, wettability, friction, and adhesion. The results show that the added FDTS forms aggregations and increasing the content of FDTS leads to the difficulty of air bubble elimination, increase in viscosity, and drop in transparency. Driven by the differences of chemical potential, FDTS aggregations migrate to the air-polymer interface, resulting in surface enrichment and formation of nanopapillae (1-200 nm). This phenomenon becomes more significant with the increment in FDTS. The change in surface composition and structure generates profound effects on wettability, friction, and adhesion. The addition of FDTS makes the surface relatively oleophobic and further increasing the content of FDTS does not helpful in improving the oleophobicity due to the notable aggregation. Friction forces first grow with the increasing content of FDTS and then decline after the maximum point at 1.0 wt % of FDTS, which is attributed to the generated regular larger nanopappillae at high concentration. However, these larger nanopapillae lead to the increase in adhesion because more interactions are formed. The findings demonstrate the behaviors of FDTS in polymer composites and provide important guidance for controlling the formation of nanostructures via aggregation and phase segregation and exploring their implications on surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Pan
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ran Peng
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juntao Tang
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, ‡Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-Added Utilization of Coal-Related Wastes, Shanxi University , 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ∥Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, ⊥Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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16
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Ramos Chagas G, Akbari R, Godeau G, Mohammadizadeh M, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Electrodeposited Poly(thieno[3,2-b
]thiophene) Films for the Templateless Formation of Porous Structures by Galvanostatic and Pulse Deposition. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1351-1358. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziyeh Akbari
- Superconductivity Research Laboratory; Department of Physics; University of Tehran; North Kargar Ave., P.O. Box 14395 547 Tehran Iran
| | - Guilhem Godeau
- Université Côte d'Azur; NICE Lab; IMREDD; Parc Valrose 06100 Nice France
| | - Mohammadreza Mohammadizadeh
- Superconductivity Research Laboratory; Department of Physics; University of Tehran; North Kargar Ave., P.O. Box 14395 547 Tehran Iran
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université Côte d'Azur; NICE Lab; IMREDD; Parc Valrose 06100 Nice France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- Université Côte d'Azur; NICE Lab; IMREDD; Parc Valrose 06100 Nice France
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17
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Preparation of super-hydrophobic PVDF membrane for MD purpose via hydroxyl induced crystallization-phase inversion. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Gao A, Liu F, Xiong Z, Yang Q. Tunable adhesion of superoleophilic/superhydrophobic poly (lactic acid) membrane for controlled-release of oil soluble drugs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Frysali MA, Anastasiadis SH. Temperature- and/or pH-Responsive Surfaces with Controllable Wettability: From Parahydrophobicity to Superhydrophilicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9106-9114. [PMID: 28793185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional surfaces with reversible wetting characteristics are fabricated utilizing end-anchored polymer chains on hierarchically roughened surfaces. Temperature- and/or pH-responsive surfaces are developed that exhibit reversible and controllable wettability, from the "parahydrophobic" behavior of natural plant leaves all the way to superhydrophilic properties in response to the external stimuli. For this purpose, dual scale micro/nanoroughened surfaces were prepared by laser irradiation of inorganic surfaces (Si wafers) utilizing ultrafast (femtosecond) laser pulses under a reactive gas atmosphere. End-functionalized polymer chains were anchored onto those surfaces utilizing the "grafting to" method; poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, and poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, were used for the formation of monofunctional as well as mixed brushes. The surfaces exhibit "parahydrophobic" behavior in the hydrophobic state (high temperature and/or high pH), with high static contact angles (∼120°) and high water adhesion (∼30° contact angle hysteresis), whereas they show superhydrophilic behavior in the hydrophilic state (low temperature and/or low pH). The surfaces were tested for their wettability under repetitive cycles and found to be stable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani A Frysali
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , P.O. Box 1385, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , P.O. Box 2208, 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros H Anastasiadis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , P.O. Box 1385, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , P.O. Box 2208, 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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20
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Thangasamy P, Partheeban T, Sudanthiramoorthy S, Sathish M. Enhanced Superhydrophobic Performance of BN-MoS 2 Heterostructure Prepared via a Rapid, One-Pot Supercritical Fluid Processing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6159-6166. [PMID: 28554204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of highly crystalline BN-MoS2 heterostructure with >95% yield was demonstrated using one-pot supercritical fluid processing within 30 min. The existence of 20-50 layers of BN-MoS2 in the prepared heterostructure was confirmed by AFM analysis. The HR-TEM imaging and mapping analysis revealed the well-melded BN and MoS2 nanosheets in the heterostructure. The drastic reduction in XRD line intensities corresponding to the (002) plane and broadening of the peaks for the BN system over MoS2 indicated the effective exfoliation and lateral size reduction in BN nanosheets during SCF processing. Also, the exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets are preferentially exposed rather than BN nanosheets; consequently, the MoS2 nanosheets sturdily covered BN nanosheets in the heterostructure. The exfoliated BN and MoS2 nanosheets with nanoscale roughness make the surface highly hydrophobic in nature. As a result, the BN-MoS2 heterostructure showed superior superhydrophobic performance with high water contact angle of 165.9°, which is much higher than the value reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Thangasamy
- Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamodaran Partheeban
- Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Sudanthiramoorthy
- Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marappan Sathish
- Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Szczepanski CR, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Recent advances in the study and design of parahydrophobic surfaces: From natural examples to synthetic approaches. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 241:37-61. [PMID: 28132673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrophobic surfaces are an interesting class of materials that combines both high contact angles and very strong adhesion with wetting fluids, most commonly water. This unique set of properties makes parahydrophobic surfaces attractive for a variety of applications, including water harvesting and collection, guided fluid transport, and membrane development, amongst many others. Taking inspiration from natural surfaces that display this same behavior such as rose petals and gecko feet, synthetic approaches aim to incorporate the nano- and micro-scale topography as well as the low surface energy chemistry found on these interfaces. Here, we discuss the chemical and physical factors that contribute to parahydrophobic behavior and provide a comprehensive overview on the current technologies and procedures used towards constructing surfaces that mimic this behavior already observed in nature. This includes etching processes, colloidal assemblies, deposition methods, and in situ growth of surface features. Furthermore, issues such as ease of scale-up, efficiency of technical procedures, and other current challenges associated with these methods will be discussed to provide insight as to the future directions for this growing area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université Côte d'Azur, NICE Lab, IMREDD, 61-63 Av. Simon Veil, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- Université Côte d'Azur, NICE Lab, IMREDD, 61-63 Av. Simon Veil, 06200 Nice, France.
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22
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Pathak B, Xavier P, Bose S, Basu S. Thermally induced phase separation in levitated polymer droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32477-32485. [PMID: 27869260 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report thermally induced rapid phase separation in PS/PVME polymer blends using a unique contact free droplet based architecture. De-mixing of homogeneous blends due to inter component dynamic asymmetry is aggravated by the externally supplied heat. Separation of polymer blends is usually investigated in the bulk which is a tedious process and requires several hours for completion. Alternatively, separation in droplet configuration reduces the process timescale by about 3-5 orders due to a constrained micron-sized domain [fast processing and high throughput] while maintaining similar separation morphologies as in the bulk. We observed the effect of heating rates on the phase separation length and timescales. Furthermore, the separation length scale can be precisely controlled across one order by simply tuning the heating rate. The methodology can be scaled up for applications ranging from surface patterning to pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Priti Xavier
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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23
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Zheng L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yang M, Wei Y. Preparation of Interconnected Biomimetic Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) Hydrophobic Membrane by Tuning the Two-Stage Phase Inversion Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32604-32615. [PMID: 27933838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy was applied for poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) hydrophobic membrane preparation by tuning the two-stage phase inversion process. The exposure stage was found to benefit the solid-liquid demixing process (gelation/crystallization) induced by the solvent evaporation and the subsequent phase inversion induced by immersion benefit the liquid-liquid demixing. It was confirmed that the electrospun nanostructure-like biomimetic surface and interconnected pore structure can be expected by controlling the exposure duration, and 300 s was considered as the inflection point of exposure duration for PVDF-CTFE membrane through which a tremendous variation would show. The micro/nanohierarchical structure in the membrane surface owing to the crystallization of PVDF-CTFE copolymer was responsible for the improvement of membrane roughness and hydrophobicity. Meanwhile, the interconnected pore structure in both the surface and the cross-section, which were formed because of the crystallization process, offers more mass transfer passages and enhances the permeate flux. The membrane then showed excellent MD performance with high permeate flux, high salt rejection, and relatively high stability during a 48 h continuous DCMD operation, according to the morphology, pore structure, and properties, which can be a substitute for hydrophobic membrane application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Zhenjun Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, 100081, China
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24
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Mortier C, Darmanin T, Guittard F. 3,4-Dialkoxypyrrole for the Formation of Bioinspired Rose Petal-like Substrates with High Water Adhesion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12476-12487. [PMID: 27478990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization is commonly present in nature and can lead to the formation of surface structures with different wettabilities. Indeed, in nature superhydrophobic (low water adhesion) and parahydrophobic (high water adhesion) properties exist, such as in lotus leaves and red roses, respectively. The aim of this work is to prepare parahydrophobic properties by electrodeposition. For this, pyrrole derivatives with two alkoxy groups of various lengths (from 1 to 12) were synthesized in 8 steps by adapting a method developed by Merz et al. We show that the alkyl chain length has a huge influence on the polymer solubility and as a consequence on the surface morphology and hydrophobicity. Moreover, the alkyl chain length should be at least greater than eight carbons in order to obtain parahydrophobic properties. The properties are also controlled by the electrolyte nature. These materials can be used for many potential applications in water harvesting and transportation and separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mortier
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , 06100 Nice, France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , 06100 Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , 06100 Nice, France
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25
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Kothary P, Dou X, Fang Y, Gu Z, Leo SY, Jiang P. Superhydrophobic hierarchical arrays fabricated by a scalable colloidal lithography approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 487:484-492. [PMID: 27816014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we report an unconventional colloidal lithography approach for fabricating a variety of periodic polymer nanostructures with tunable geometries and hydrophobic properties. Wafer-sized, double-layer, non-close-packed silica colloidal crystal embedded in a polymer matrix is first assembled by a scalable spin-coating technology. The unusual non-close-packed crystal structure combined with a thin polymer film separating the top and the bottom colloidal layers render great versatility in templating periodic nanostructures, including arrays of nanovoids, nanorings, and hierarchical nanovoids. These different geometries result in varied fractions of entrapped air in between the templated nanostructures, which in turn lead to different apparent water contact angles. Superhydrophobic surfaces with >150° water contact angles and <5° contact angle hysteresis are achieved on fluorosilane-modified polymer hierarchical nanovoid arrays with large fractions of entrapped air. The experimental contact angle measurements are complemented with theoretical predictions using the Cassie's model to gain insights into the fundamental microstructure-dewetting property relationships. The experimental and theoretical contact angles follow the same trends as determined by the unique hierarchical structures of the templated periodic arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kothary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xuan Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yin Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhuxiao Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sin-Yen Leo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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26
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Godeau G, N'Na J, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Azido Platform Surfaces for Post-Functionalization with Aromatic Groups Using the Huisgen Reaction to Obtain High Water Adhesion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Godeau
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; CNRS; LPMC; UMR 7336 Nice 06100 France
| | - Jessica N'Na
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; CNRS; LPMC; UMR 7336 Nice 06100 France
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; CNRS; LPMC; UMR 7336 Nice 06100 France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; CNRS; LPMC; UMR 7336 Nice 06100 France
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27
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Godeau G, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Nucleoside surfaces as a platform for the control of surface hydrophobicity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides are used as linker between conducting polymer films and hydrophobic subsituents.
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