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Matsubara K, Takahashi K, Matsuda T, Ueki Y, Seko N, Kakuchi R. GFN-xTB-Based Computations Provide Comprehensive Insights into Emulsion Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300480. [PMID: 37906113 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a deep insight into emulsion radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP) was obtained by computing explicit solvation free energies, conformational entropy, monomer radius and dipole moments with the state-of-the-art Conformer-Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool (CREST) package primarily at semiempirical GFN-xTB level. By leveraging the robustness of the CREST package, above parameters provided dynamic nature of methacrylate monomers with the consideration of realistic emulsion conditions. With the chemical and physical importance of the above results, CREST-determined explanatory variables sufficiently led to the building of the prediction models for the RIGP of methacrylate monomers. The machine learning model building resulted in effective reactivity predictions and unveiled important factors for the radiation-induced graft polymerization in a chemically interpretable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1, Wajiro-higashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
- School of Statistical Thinking, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Midoricyo10-3, Tachikawa-City, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuda
- Faculty of Management and Information, Hannan University, 5-4-33, Amami, Higashi, Matsubara, Osaka, 580-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Noriaki Seko
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kakuchi
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
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2
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Membranes Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Radiation-Grafted Sulfonated Polystyrene and Their Performance in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183833. [PMID: 36145977 PMCID: PMC9504926 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membranes based on gamma-irradiated films of PVDF and radiation-grafted sulfonated polystyrene with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.8 meq/g and crosslinking degrees of 0 and 3% were synthesized. A solvent-free, environmentally friendly method of styrene grafting from its aqueous emulsion, with a styrene content of only 5 vol.% was used. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis showed that the grafted sulfonated polystyrene is uniformly distributed throughout the membrane thickness. The obtained materials had a proton conductivity up to 132 mS/cm at 80 °C and a hydrogen permeability of up to 5.2 cm2/s at 30 °C, which significantly exceeded similar values for Nafion®-212 membranes. The resulting membranes exhibited a H2/O2 fuel cell peak power density of up to 0.4 W/cm2 at 65 °C. Accelerated stability tests showed that adding a crosslinking agent could significantly increase the stability of the membranes in the fuel cells. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the membranes were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the membranes (stress–strain curves) were also characterized.
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Wen Y, Zhang T, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang T, Yamashita H, Qian X, Zhao Y. Electrochemical Reactors for Continuous Decentralized H 2 O 2 Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205972. [PMID: 35698896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global utilization of H2 O2 is currently around 4 million tons per year and is expected to continue to increase in the future. H2 O2 is mainly produced by the anthraquinone process, which involves multiple steps in terms of alkylanthraquinone hydrogenation/oxidation in organic solvents and liquid-liquid extraction of H2 O2 . The energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly anthraquinone process does not meet the requirements of sustainable and low-carbon development. The electrocatalytic two-electron (2 e- ) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) driven by renewable energy (e.g. solar and wind power) offers a more economical, low-carbon, and greener route to produce H2 O2 . However, continuous and decentralized H2 O2 electrosynthesis still poses many challenges. This Minireview first summarizes the development of devices for H2 O2 electrosynthesis, and then introduces each component, the assembly process, and some optimization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Wen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhelun Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xufang Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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4
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Wen Y, Zhang T, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang T, Yamashita H, Qian X, Zhao Y. Electrochemical reactors for continuously decentralized H2O2 production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Wen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhelun Pan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering CHINA
| | - Xufang Qian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yixin Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Environmental Science and Engineering 800 Dongchuan Road 44106 Shanghai CHINA
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Hao LH, Tap TD, Hieu DTT, Korneeva E, Van Tiep N, Yoshimura K, Hasegawa S, Sawada S, Van Man T, Hung NQ, Tuyen LA, Dinh V, Luan LQ, Maekawa Y. Morphological characterization of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes at a surface layer for fuel cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Tiep
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Institute of Physics Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Center for Nuclear Techniques Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Van‐Phuc Dinh
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Bio‐material and Nano Technology Department Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
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Crosslinked Sulfonated Polyphenylsulfone (CSPPSU) Membranes for Elevated-Temperature PEM Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110861. [PMID: 34832090 PMCID: PMC8624943 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the burden on the environment, there is a need to develop non-fluorinated electrolyte membranes as alternatives to fluorinated electrolyte membranes, and water electrolysis using hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membranes has been studied in recent years. In this paper, for the first time, we report elevated-temperature water electrolysis properties of crosslinked sulfonated polyphenylsulfone (CSPPSU) membranes prepared by sulfonation and crosslinking of hydrocarbon-based PPSU engineering plastics. The sulfone groups of the CSPPSU membrane in water were stable at 85 °C (3600 h) and 150 °C (2184 h). In addition, the polymer structure of the CSPPSU membrane was stable during small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements from room temperature to 180 °C. A current density of 456 mA/cm2 was obtained at 150 °C and 1.8 V in water electrolysis using the CSPPSU membrane and IrO2/Ti as the catalytic electrode for oxygen evolution. The stability of the CSPPSU membrane at elevated temperatures with time was evaluated. There were some issues in the assembly of the CSPPSU membrane and the catalytic electrode. However, the CSPPSU membrane has the potential to be used as an electrolyte membrane for elevated-temperature water electrolysis.
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7
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Han SY, Yu DM, Mo YH, Ahn SM, Lee JY, Kim TH, Yoon SJ, Hong S, Hong YT, So S. Ion exchange capacity controlled biphenol-based sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers: Comparison of random and multi-block copolymers. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Gohil JM, Dutta K. Structures and properties of polymers in ion exchange membranes for hydrogen generation by water electrolysis. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydevsinh M. Gohil
- Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL) School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL) School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru Karnataka India
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9
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Huynh N, Cosas Fernandes JP, Mareau VH, Gonon L, Pouget S, Jouneau PH, Porcar L, Mendil-Jakani H. Unveiling the multiscale morphology of chemically stabilized proton exchange membranes for fuel cells by means of Fourier and real space studies. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2567-2576. [PMID: 36134147 PMCID: PMC9418181 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We recently presented the elaboration and functional properties of a new generation of hybrid membranes for PEMFC applications showing promising performances and durability. The strategy was to form, inside a commercial sPEEK membrane, via in situ sol-gel (SG) synthesis, a reactive SG phase able to reduce oxidative species generated during FC operation. In order to understand structure-properties interplay, we use a combination of direct space (AFM/3D FIB-SEM) and reciprocal space (SANS/WAXS) techniques to cover dimensional scales ranging from a hundred to few nanometers. AFM modulus images showed the SG phase distributed into spherical domains whose size increases with the SG uptake (ca. 100-200 nm range). Using contrast variation SANS, we observed that the sPEEK nanostructure is mostly unaffected by the insertion of the SG phase which presents a fractal-like multiscale structure. Additionally, the size of both the particles (aggregates/primary) is much too large to be sequestered in the ionic pathways of sPEEK. These findings indicate that the SG-NPs mainly grow within the amorphous interbundle domains. Noticeable rightward shift and widening of the ionomer peak are observed with the SG content, suggesting ion channel compression and greater heterogeneity of the ionic domain size. The SG phase develops in the interbundle regions with a limited impact on the water uptake but leading to a discontinuity of ionic conductivity. This Fourier and real spaces study clarifies the structure of the hybrid membranes and brings into the question the ideal distribution/localization of the SG phase to optimize the membrane's stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Huynh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, UMR CNRS 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères F-69622 Lyon France
| | | | - Vincent H Mareau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Laurent Gonon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | | | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue Langevin F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
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10
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Park JE, Kim J, Han J, Kim K, Park S, Kim S, Park HS, Cho YH, Lee JC, Sung YE. High-performance proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis using a sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membrane and ionomer. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Lyu R, Huang Z, Deng H, Wei Y, Mou C, Wang L. Anatomies for the thermal decomposition behavior and product rule of 5,5′-dinitro-2 H,2 H′-3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole. RSC Adv 2021; 11:40182-40192. [PMID: 35494153 PMCID: PMC9044519 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06811c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance energetic materials are mainly used in the military, aerospace industry and chemical fields. The ordinary technology of producing energetic materials cannot avoid the domination of its unique needs. At present, revealing the underlying mechanism of the formation of high-energy materials is of great significance for improving their quality characteristics. We pay special attention to the decomposition and reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulation of 5,5′-dinitro-2H,2H′-3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole (DNBT). Various forms were captured in the simulation, and the form is determined by the temperature of the initial reactant. By observing the heating pattern and morphological changes under the initial thermal equilibrium, interesting temperature jumps were found in 325 K and 350 K. Observation of continuous heating (simulated temperatures are 2600 K, 2900 K, 3200 K and 3500 K) shows that DNBT has the maximum heating rate at 3500 K. In addition, N2 occupies this dominant position in the product, moreover, N2 and NO2 respectively dominate the gas phase products during the initial heating process. According to the transition state analysis results of the intermediates, we found 4 interesting intermediate products, which were determined by high frequency reaction under the 4 simulated temperatures and performed with transition state calculations. It shows that the selection of reactant temperature and its activity is the key to orderly decomposition of DNBT. It is expected that these findings will be widely used in comprehensive decomposition devices and to improve the concept of learning military and industrial technology. The performance and behavior of DNBT under RMD simulation at high temperature (2600 K, 2900 K, 3200 K and 3500 K).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Hongbo Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Yue Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Chuanlin Mou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
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12
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Oldenburg FJ, Ouarga A, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Accelerated Stress Test Method for the Assessment of Membrane Lifetime in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47917-47928. [PMID: 31742391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An accelerated stress test (AST) method was developed to estimate the lifetime of ion-exchange membranes in a vanadium redox flow battery. The oxidative VO2+ ions present in the charged positive electrolyte are the predominant stressor causing loss of functional groups and membrane conductivity. Membrane aging was accelerated in ex situ tests by exploiting elevated temperatures and the increased oxidative strength of Ce4+. Acceleration factors were determined on the basis of the analysis of aged radiation grafted g(S-AN) membranes. The degradation in a Ce4+ solution was found to be ∼4 times faster than in VO2+. The highest acceleration factor of ∼200 was found for the degradation with Ce4+ at 80 °C. The degradation reaction present in the accelerated stress test showed a similar activation energy of ∼50 kJ/mol in VO2+ and Ce4+ solutions, suggesting a similar reaction pathway. The applicability of the test was further evaluated with the second membrane, g(AMS-MAN). Its lifetime was estimated based on the accelerated stress test and acceleration factors previously determined for the g(S-AN) membrane and compared to the lifetime projected from an extended cycling experiment in the cell. The two values were in the same range of ∼4000 h. The proposed AST can serve as a basis for predictive modeling of membrane lifetime in vanadium redox flow batteries. The potential of the method and the limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio J Oldenburg
- Electrochemistry Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
| | - Ayoub Ouarga
- Electrochemistry Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department , Mohammed VI Polytechnic University , 43150 Ben Guerir , Morocco
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007 , 69622 Lyon , France
| | - Thomas Justus Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
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13
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Wang M, Liu L, Wang X. Effects of grafting parameters on the properties of proton exchange membranes based on sulfo-functionalized porous silicon for micro direct methanol fuel cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
3-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane [MPTMS, (CH3O)3SiCH2CH2CH2SH] can be grafted to porous silicon via a simple chemical grafting method and then sulfonated to prepare a proton exchange membrane (PEM) for application in micro direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFCs). The concentration of MPTMS and the pH of the solvent, which is varied by adding glacial acetic acid (GAA), play important roles in the chemical grafting process. In this work, PEMs based on sulfo-functionalized porous silicon were prepared at MPTMS concentrations ranging from 10 wt.% to 90 wt.% and GAA concentrations ranging from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.% to study the effects of grafting parameters on the proton transport properties of PEMs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the proton conductivity of the PEMs can be tuned by changing the MPTMS and GAA concentrations, and it reaches a maximum of 0.082 S/cm at an MPTMS concentration of 30 wt.% and a GAA concentration of 5 wt.%. The effects of MPTMS and GAA concentrations on the properties of PEMs are discussed in the context of two competitive reaction pathways of MPTMS molecules: dehydration condensation with silanols on the walls of porous silicon and self-polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450000 , P.R. China
| | - Litian Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
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14
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Nagy G, Sproll V, Gasser U, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L, Balog S. Scaling the Graft Length and Graft Density of Irradiation-Grafted Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Nagy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Véronique Sproll
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Urs Gasser
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; ETH Zurich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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15
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Fan L, Wang M, Zhang Z, Qin G, Hu X, Chen Q. Preparation and Characterization of PVA Alkaline Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Addition of Bamboo Charcoal. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050679. [PMID: 29701694 PMCID: PMC5978056 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural bamboo charcoal (BC) powder has been developed as a novel filler in order to further improve performances of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based alkaline solid polymer electrolyte (ASPE) by solution casting method. X-ray diffraction patterns of composite polymer electrolyte with BC revealed the decrease in the degree of crystallinity with increasing content of BC. Scanning electron microscopy images showed pores on a micrometer scale (average diameter about 2 μm) distributed inside and on the surface of the membranes, indicating a three-dimension network formed in the polymer framework. The ionic conductivity was measured by the alternating-current (AC) impedance method, and the highest conductivity value of 6.63 × 10−2 S·cm−1 was obtained with 16 wt % of BC content and mKOH:mPVA = 2:1.5 at 30 °C. The contents of BC and KOH could significantly influence the conductivity. The temperature dependence of the bulk electrical conductivity displayed a combination of Arrhenius nature, and the activation energy for the ion in polymer electrolyte has been calculated. The electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte membrane was over 1.6 V. The thermogravimetric analysis curves showed that the degradation temperatures of PVA-BC-KOH ASPE membranes shifted toward higher with adding BC. A simple nickel-hydrogen battery containing PVA-BC-KOH electrolyte membrane was assembled with a maximum discharge capacity of 193 mAh·g−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Fan
- School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
| | - Gang Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454001, China.
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16
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Lee WH, Crean C, Varcoe JR, Bance-Soualhi R. A Raman spectro-microscopic investigation of ETFE-based radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectro-microscopy on a radiation-grafted anion-exchange membrane detected alkali degradation throughout its cross-section that quantitatively matched loss of ion-exchange capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hin Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Carol Crean
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
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