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Nobori H, Fujimoto D, Yoshioka J, Fukao K, Konishi T, Taguchi K. Phase transitions and dynamics in ionic liquid crystals confined in nanopores. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044902. [PMID: 38258924 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the phase-transition behavior of ionic liquid crystals, namely 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Cnmim]BF4, confined in cylindrical nanopores using differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Here, n is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl part of this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10 and 12, the isotropic liquid phase changes to the smectic phase and then to a metastable phase for the cooling process. During the subsequent heating process, the metastable phase changes to the isotropic phase via crystalline phases. The transition temperatures for this ionic liquid crystal confined in nanopores decrease linearly with the increase in the inverse pore diameter, except for the transitions between the smectic and isotropic phases. In the metastable phase, the relaxation rate of the α-process shows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann type of temperature dependence for some temperature ranges. The glass transition temperature evaluated from the dynamics of the α-process decreases with the decrease in the pore diameter and increases with the increase in the carbon number n. The effect of confinement on the chain dynamics can clearly be observed for this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10, the melting temperature of the crystalline phase is slightly higher than that of the smectic phase for the bulk, while, in the nanopores, the melting temperature of the smectic phase is higher than that of the crystalline phase. This suggests that the smectic phase can be thermodynamically stable, thanks to the confinement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nobori
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshioka
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Fukao
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Konishi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Taguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Li J. Tribological Properties of Cholesteric Fluorinated Liquid Crystal as Lubricant Additives in PAO4 under Elevated Temperatures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jiusheng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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3
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Gao Y, Jiang Y, Hu W, Jiang H, Li J. Cholesteryl Liquid Crystals as Oil-Based Lubricant Additives: Effect of Mesogenic Phases and Structures on Tribological Characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6981-6992. [PMID: 31066284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical operation could be seriously affected by friction and controlling it by oil lubrication has been considered as an effective way. Good lubricant additives are very necessary to avoid the friction damages, and to find or design new additives is always a challenge. In this study, a systematic investigation of using cholesteryl liquid crystals (LCs) as lubricant additives to obtain exceptional tribological behaviors was performed. In total, four cholesteryl LC compounds were synthesized targetedly and their thermal and mesogenic properties were studied to see the inherent relationship between the mesogenic phases and antifriction and antiwear performance. Through a series of tribological and related tests, including the UMT TriboLab test, three-dimensional optical microscopy, oil film thickness and viscosity tests, etc., the effect of the mesogenic phases and structures of the synthesized cholesteryl LCs on their tribological properties as lubricant additives was investigated and a related mechanism was analyzed. The result showed that within and close to the mesogenic phase temperature ranges, which we called as effective temperature ranges of LC additives ( TEF), the LCs presented better tribological behaviors, meaning they could be used in special lubrication applications that need to be confined in certain temperature scopes; however, the ester groups with long alky tails could help dissolve in base oils and adsorb onto the friction pairs. Among the four LCs, LC-D with a long perfluoroalkyl tail brought widest mesogenic phase with considerably enhanced lubrication performance and increased oil film thickness, viscosity, and thermal stability, indicating that the perfluoroalkyl group could be well used in the structural modification of LC additives to give unexpected tribological performance. This study, in conjunction with our experimental data, suggested that the liquid crystals may be evaluated as potential friction modifiers for temperature-controllable lubrication and also shed a fresh light on the development of novel liquid crystal lubrication materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Gao
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science , Shanghai University , 200444 Shanghai , China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science , Shanghai University , 200444 Shanghai , China
| | - Jiusheng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
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Park W, Feringán B, Yang M, Ryu SH, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Sierra T, Giménez R, Yoon DK. Manipulation of Supramolecular Columnar Structures of H-Bonded Donor-Acceptor Units through Geometrical Nanoconfinement. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:890-897. [PMID: 30730103 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ambipolar organic semiconductors are considered promising for organic electronics because of their interesting electric properties. Many hurdles remain yet to be overcome before they can be used for practical applications, especially because their orientation is hard to control. We demonstrate a method to control the orientation of columnar structures based on a hydrogen (H)-bonded donor-acceptor complex between a star-shaped tris(triazolyl)triazine and triphenylene-containing benzoic acid, using physicochemical nanoconfinement. The molecular configuration and supramolecular columnar assemblies in a one-dimensional porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) film were dramatically modulated by controlling the pore-size and by chemical modification of the inner surface of the porous AAO film. In situ experiments using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) were carried out to investigate the structural evolution produced at the nanometer scale by varying physicochemical conditions. The resulting highly ordered nanostructures may open a new pathway to effectively control the alignment of liquid crystal ambipolar semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatriz Feringán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Minyong Yang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities and, School of Natural Science UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Raquel Giménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Han MJ, Wei D, Kim YH, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Clark NA, Walba DM, Yoon DK. Highly Oriented Liquid Crystal Semiconductor for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1495-1502. [PMID: 30555901 PMCID: PMC6276037 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a mesogenic compound which introduces nematic liquid crystal (LC) ordering into the benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) family of LCs, creating a new class of LC semiconducting materials which respond in a facile way to anisotropic surfaces, and can, thereby, be effectively processed into highly oriented monodomains. Measurement on these domains of the electrical conductivity, with in situ monitoring of domain quality and orientation using LC birefringence textures in electroded cells, brings a new era of precision and reliability to the determination of anisotropic carrier mobility in LC semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Han
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayan Wei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced
Functional Materials Research Group, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST
Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - David M. Walba
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Dhara P, Bhandaru N, Das A, Mukherjee R. Transition from Spin Dewetting to continuous film in spin coating of Liquid Crystal 5CB. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7169. [PMID: 29740096 PMCID: PMC5940909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin dewetting refers to spontaneous rupture of the dispensed solution layer during spin coating, resulting in isolated but periodic, regular sized domains of the solute and is pre-dominant when the solute concentration (Cn) is very low. In this article we report how the morphology of liquid crystal (LC) 5CB thin films coated on flat and patterned PMMA substrate transform from spin dewetted droplets to continuous films with increase in Cn. We further show that within the spin dewetted regime, with gradual increase in the solute concentration, periodicity of the isotropic droplets (λD) as well as their mean diameter (dD), gradually decreases, till the film becomes continuous at a critical concentration (Cn*). Interestingly, the trend that λD reduces with increase in Cn is exact opposite to what is observed in thermal/solvent vapor induced dewetting of a thin film. The spin dewetted droplets exhibit transient Radial texture, in contrast to Schlieren texture observed in elongated threads and continuous films of 5CB, which remains in the Nematic phase at room temperature. Finally we show that by casting the film on a grating patterned substrate it becomes possible to align the spin dewetted droplets along the contours substrate patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Dhara
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Pin-721302, India
| | - Nandini Bhandaru
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Pin-721302, India
| | - Anuja Das
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Pin-721302, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Pin-721302, India.
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7
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Shin MJ, Gim MJ, Yoon DK. Directed Self-Assembly of Topological Defects of Liquid Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2551-2556. [PMID: 29368930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the alluring aspects of liquid crystals (LCs) is their readily controllable self-assembly behavior, leading to comprehension of complex topological structures and practical patterning applications. Here, we report on manipulating various kinds of topological defects by adopting an imprinted polymer-based soft microchannel that simultaneously imposes adjustable surface anchoring, confinement, and uniaxial alignment. Distinctive molecular orientation could be achieved by varying the surface anchoring conditions at the sidewall polymer and the rubbing directions on the bottom layer. On this pioneering platform, a common LC material, 8CB (4'-n-octyl-4-cyano-biphenyl), was placed where various topological defect domains were generated in a periodic arrangement. The experimental results showed that our platform can change the packing behavior and even the shape of topological defects by varying the rubbing condition. We believe that this facile tool to modulate surface boundary conditions combined with topographic confinement can open a way to use LC materials in potential optical and patterning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Shin
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC and ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min-Jun Gim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC and ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC and ‡Department of Chemistry, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Li ZP, Xu ZM, Qu XP, Wang SB, Peng J, Mei LH. Fabrication of nanopore and nanoparticle arrays with high aspect ratio AAO masks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095301. [PMID: 28071590 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How to use high aspect ratio anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes as an etching and evaporation mask is one of the unsolved problems in the application of nanostructured arrays. Here we describe the versatile utilizations of the highly ordered AAO membranes with a high aspect ratio of more than 20 used as universal masks for the formation of various nanostructure arrays on various substrates. The result shows that the fabricated nanopore and nanoparticle arrays of substrates inherit the regularity of the AAO membranes completely. The flat AAO substrates and uneven AAO frontages were attached to the Si substrates respectively as an etching mask, which demonstrates that the two kinds of replication, positive and negative, represent the replication of the mirroring of Si substrates relative to the flat AAO substrates and uneven AAO frontages. Our work is a breakthrough for the broad research field of surface nano-masking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China. School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437005, People's Republic of China
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Ryu SH, Gim MJ, Lee W, Choi SW, Yoon DK. Switchable Photonic Crystals Using One-Dimensional Confined Liquid Crystals for Photonic Device Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3186-3191. [PMID: 28029761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PCs) have recently attracted considerable attention, with much effort devoted to photonic bandgap (PBG) control for varying the reflected color. Here, fabrication of a modulated one-dimensional (1D) anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) PC with a periodic porous structure is reported. The PBG of the fabricated PC can be reversibly changed by switching the ultraviolet (UV) light on/off. The AAO nanopores contain a mixture of photoresponsive liquid crystals (LCs) with irradiation-activated cis/trans photoisomerizable azobenzene. The resultant mixture of LCs in the porous AAO film exhibits a reversible PBG, depending on the cis/trans configuration of azobenzene molecules. The PBG switching is reliable over many cycles, suggesting that the fabricated device can be used in optical and photonic applications such as light modulators, smart windows, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jun Gim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuk Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ok JM, Kim YH, Lee TY, Yoo HW, Kwon K, Jung WB, Kim SH, Jung HT. Controlling Smectic Liquid Crystal Defect Patterns by Physical Stamping-Assisted Domain Separation and Their Use as Templates for Quantum Dot Cluster Arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13418-13426. [PMID: 27993016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the organization of self-assembling building blocks over a large area is crucial for lithographic tools based on the bottom-up approach. However, the fabrication of liquid crystal (LC) defect patterns with a particular ordering still remains a challenge because of the limited close-packed morphologies of LC defects. Here, we introduce a multiple-stamping domain separation method for the control of the dimensions and organization of LC defect structures. Prepatterns with various grid shapes on planar polyimide (PI) surfaces were fabricated by pressing a line-shaped stamp into the PI surfaces in two different directions, and then these surfaces were used to prepare LC defect structures confined to these grid domains. The dimensions of the LC defect structures, namely, the equilibrium diameter and the center to center spacing, are controlled by varying the line spacing of the stamps and the film thickness. A variety of arrangements of LC defects, including square, rhombic, hexagonal, and other oblique lattices, can be obtained by simply varying the stamping angle (Ω) between the first and second stamping directions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the resulting controllable LC defect arrays can be used as templates for generating various patterns of nanoparticle clusters by trapping quantum dots (QDs) within the cores of the LC defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Ok
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced Functional Materials Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Lee
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hae-Wook Yoo
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kiok Kwon
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Woo-Bin Jung
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury (KINC) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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