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Statt MJ, Rohr BA, Guevarra D, Suram SK, Morrell TE, Gregoire JM. The Materials Provenance Store. Sci Data 2023; 10:184. [PMID: 37024515 PMCID: PMC10079965 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a database resulting from high throughput experimentation, primarily on metal oxide solid state materials. The central relational database, the Materials Provenance Store (MPS), manages the metadata and experimental provenance from acquisition of raw materials, through synthesis, to a broad range of materials characterization techniques. Given the primary research goal of materials discovery of solar fuels materials, many of the characterization experiments involve electrochemistry, along with optical, structural, and compositional characterizations. The MPS is populated with all information required for executing common data queries, which typically do not involve direct query of raw data. The result is a database file that can be distributed to users so that they can independently execute queries and subsequently download the data of interest. We propose this strategy as an approach to manage the highly heterogeneous and distributed data that arises from materials science experiments, as demonstrated by the management of over 30 million experiments run on over 12 million samples in the present MPS release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Guevarra
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Morrell
- Caltech Library, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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2
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Electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials for energy catalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Yang L, Haber JA, Armstrong Z, Yang SJ, Kan K, Zhou L, Richter MH, Roat C, Wagner N, Coram M, Berndl M, Riley P, Gregoire JM. Discovery of complex oxides via automated experiments and data science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106042118. [PMID: 34508002 PMCID: PMC8449358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106042118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to identify materials with tailored properties is increasingly expanding into high-order composition spaces, with a corresponding combinatorial explosion in the number of candidate materials. A key challenge is to discover regions in composition space where materials have novel properties. Traditional predictive models for material properties are not accurate enough to guide the search. Herein, we use high-throughput measurements of optical properties to identify novel regions in three-cation metal oxide composition spaces by identifying compositions whose optical trends cannot be explained by simple phase mixtures. We screen 376,752 distinct compositions from 108 three-cation oxide systems based on the cation elements Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, In, Sn, Ce, and Ta. Data models for candidate phase diagrams and three-cation compositions with emergent optical properties guide the discovery of materials with complex phase-dependent properties, as demonstrated by the discovery of a Co-Ta-Sn substitutional alloy oxide with tunable transparency, catalytic activity, and stability in strong acid electrolytes. These results required close coupling of data validation to experiment design to generate a reliable end-to-end high-throughput workflow for accelerating scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusann Yang
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Joel A Haber
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Zan Armstrong
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Samuel J Yang
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Kevin Kan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Lan Zhou
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Matthias H Richter
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Christopher Roat
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Nicholas Wagner
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Marc Coram
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Marc Berndl
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - Patrick Riley
- Google Research, Google Applied Science, Mountain View, CA, 94043
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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4
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Ahmed MG, Zhang M, Tay YF, Chiam SY, Wong LH. Surface Modification of Hematite Photoanodes with CeO x Cocatalyst for Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Kinetics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5489-5496. [PMID: 32776429 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematite is a promising photoanode for solar water splitting by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, but its performance is limited by the slow kinetics of water oxidation reaction or oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Surface modification of hematite photoanodes with a suitable water oxidation cocatalyst is a key strategy for improving the kinetics of water oxidation. In this study, a CeOx overlayer is deposited on the surface of the hematite photoanode by a water-based solution method with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) followed by heat treatment. The photocurrent of CeOx -modified hematite is 3 times higher than that of pristine hematite (at 1.23 V vs. RHE) under AM 1.5G, 1 sun conditions. Through hole-scavenger measurements, Tafel plot analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it is concluded that CeOx overlayer increases the hole injection efficiency, improves the surface catalytic activity, and enhances charge transfer across the photoanode/electrolyte interface. These observations are attributed to the synergistic effects of Ce3+ /Ce4+ redox species in CeOx and the oxygen vacancies. This work elucidates the role of CeOx as an efficient cocatalyst overlayer to improve the OER kinetics of photoanodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G Ahmed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Innovis, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Fan Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sing Yang Chiam
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Innovis, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Lydia H Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, 1 Create Way, Singapore, Singapore, 139602, Singapore
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5
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Stein HS, Zhang S, Li Y, Scheu C, Ludwig A. Photocurrent Recombination Through Surface Segregation in Al–Cr–Fe–O Photocathodes. Z PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2019-1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chemical surface segregation is a design variable in the optimization of phocathodes but has largely been investigated through surface passivation or decoration. In this study a long charge carrier lifetime material, Al–Cr–Fe–O, exhibiting strong photocurrent recombination is investigated for its atomic scale crystallographic and chemical inhomogeneity. Combined scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography unveils that insulating Al- and Cr-rich surface layers form during processing. These are discussed to be the primary reason for experimentally observed charge carrier recombination. This study highlights the importance of processing in the design, discovery and optimization of new light absorber materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge S. Stein
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung , Max-Planck Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Yujiao Li
- ZGH, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung , Max-Planck Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
- RWTH Aachen, Materials Analytics, RWTH Aachen University , Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum , Germany
- ZGH, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum , Germany
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Compton JS, Peterson CA, Dervishogullari D, Sharpe LR. Spray Pyrolysis as a Combinatorial Method for the Generation of Photocatalyst Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:489-499. [PMID: 31144806 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive, combinatorial method to evaluate an array of metal oxide materials as photocatalysts for solar fuel production utilizing spray pyrolysis is presented. This new approach capitalizes on the inherent properties of spray pyrolysis. We take advantage of the natural lateral gradient produced in a spray cone to fashion four-metal-three-at-a-time compositional triangular patterns on conductive glass substrates from simple nitrate salt precursor solutions. Subsequent annealing produces thin-film electrodes that are readily screened for photochemical activity using a simple laser scanner system. The apparatus employed is constructed from readily available commercial components, making it accessible to a wide number of laboratories. Our method complements other combinatorial methods in that it provides a chemically different environment for the formation of materials that might produce different morphologies and metal oxidation states and it allows for easy evaluation of layered structures, as well single-phase materials, thereby expanding the number of unique materials tested as potential photocatalysts. As a proof of principle, the discovery and optimization of a new Na-doped CuBi2O4 photocatalyst is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell Iowa 50112, United States
| | - Christi A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell Iowa 50112, United States
| | | | - Lee R. Sharpe
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell Iowa 50112, United States
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7
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Gutkowski R, Masa J, Schuhmann W. A Combinatorial Approach for Optimization of Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Loading on Mo‐doped BiVO
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Photoanodes. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Gutkowski
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Science (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Science (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Science (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
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8
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Xu X, Pan L, Zhang X, Wang L, Zou J. Rational Design and Construction of Cocatalysts for Semiconductor-Based Photo-Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution: A Comprehensive Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801505. [PMID: 30693190 PMCID: PMC6343073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting, as an essential and indispensable research branch of solar energy applications, has achieved increasing attention in the past decades. Between the two photoelectrodes, the photoanodes for PEC water oxidation are mostly studied for the facile selection of n-type semiconductors. Initially, the efficiency of the PEC process is rather limited, which mainly results from the existing drawbacks of photoanodes such as instability and serious charge-carrier recombination. To improve PEC performances, researchers gradually focus on exploring many strategies, among which engineering photoelectrodes with suitable cocatalysts is one of the most feasible and promising methods to lower reaction obstacles and boost PEC water splitting ability. Here, the basic principles, modules of the PEC system, evaluation parameters in PEC water oxidation reactions occurring on the surface of photoanodes, and the basic functions of cocatalysts on the promotion of PEC performance are demonstrated. Then, the key progress of cocatalyst design and construction applied to photoanodes for PEC oxygen evolution is emphatically introduced and the influences of different kinds of water oxidation cocatalysts are elucidated in detail. Finally, the outlook of highly active cocatalysts for the photosynthesis process is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Ji‐Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
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9
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Lu H, Andrei V, Jenkinson KJ, Regoutz A, Li N, Creissen CE, Wheatley AEH, Hao H, Reisner E, Wright DS, Pike SD. Single-Source Bismuth (Transition Metal) Polyoxovanadate Precursors for the Scalable Synthesis of Doped BiVO 4 Photoanodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804033. [PMID: 30285284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-source precursors are used to produce nanostructured BiVO4 photoanodes for water oxidation in a straightforward and scalable drop-casting synthetic process. Polyoxometallate precursors, which contain both Bi and V, are produced in a one-step reaction from commercially available starting materials. Simple annealing of the molecular precursor produces nanocrystalline BiVO4 films. The precursor can be designed to incorporate a third metal (Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn), enabling the direct formation of doped BiVO4 films. In particular, the Co- and Zn-doped photoanodes show promise for photoelectrochemical water oxidation, with photocurrent densities >1 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Using this simple synthetic process, a 300 cm2 Co-BiVO4 photoanode is produced, which generates a photocurrent of up to 67 mA at 1.23 V vs RHE and demonstrates the scalability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 30072, China
| | - Virgil Andrei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kellie J Jenkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Charles E Creissen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Andrew E H Wheatley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 30072, China
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sebastian D Pike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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10
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Cao X, Hong Y, Zhang N, Chen Q, Masud J, Zaeem MA, Nath M. Phase Exploration and Identification of Multinary Transition-Metal Selenides as High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts through Combinatorial Electrodeposition. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Qingzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Jahangir Masud
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Mohsen Asle Zaeem
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Manashi Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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11
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Liu Y, Wygant BR, Mabayoje O, Lin J, Kawashima K, Kim JH, Li W, Li J, Mullins CB. Interface Engineering and its Effect on WO 3-Based Photoanode and Tandem Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12639-12650. [PMID: 29608854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, the reactions occur on the surface of the photoelectrode. Therefore, the properties of the interfaces between the various components of the electrode (semiconductor/semiconductor, semiconductor/catalyst, or photoelectrode/electrolyte) affect the PEC performance of the composite material. Notably, surface trap states may hinder charge transfer and transport properties, and also cause Fermi pinning, affecting the quasi-Fermi level and onset potential under illumination, which may in turn influence the PEC performance of the corresponding tandem cells. In this study, plate-like WO3 array films prepared by an aqueous chemical growth method were employed to highlight the effect of interfacial properties on the performance of a WO3-based photoanode. The Mott-Schottky and linear sweep voltammetry experiments prove the existence of surface trap states and Fermi pinning for pristine WO3, which are alleviated after an "etching" treatment and disappeared after surface passivation by a Ga2O3 layer. Both etching and passivation increase the oxygen evolution activity and the Faradaic efficiency for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). After loading a permeable catalyst (FeOOH), the photocurrent is further increased, and there is a synergistic effect between loading of the electrocatalyst with etching or passivation. The onset potentials of the samples follow the trends: etch-WO3/FeOOH < WO3/FeOOH ≤ WO3/Ga2O3/FeOOH < etch-WO3 < WO3 < WO3/Ga2O3, indicating that the interfacial properties have a significant effect on the PEC performance. Meanwhile, the modified WO3-based electrode was combined with a dye-sensitized solar cell to fabricate tandem cell, which showed 2.42-fold photocurrent density compared with the pristine WO3-based tandem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
| | - Bryan R Wygant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
| | - Oluwaniyi Mabayoje
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
- Pen-Tung Sah Micro-Nano Science and Technology Institute , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Kenta Kawashima
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
| | - Jun-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
| | - Wenzhang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-0231 , United States
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