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Liyanage SH, Yan M. Quantification of binding affinity of glyconanomaterials with lectins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13491-13505. [PMID: 33057503 PMCID: PMC7644678 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-mediated interactions are involved in many cellular activities including immune responses and infections. These interactions are relatively weak, and as such, cells employ multivalency, i.e., the presentation of multiple monovalent carbohydrate ligands within a close proximity, for cooperative binding thus drastically enhanced binding affinity. In the past two decades, the field of glyconanomaterials has emerged where nanomaterials are used as multivalent scaffolds to present multiple copies of carbohydrate ligands on the nanomaterial surface. At the core of glyconanomaterial research is the ability to control and modulate multivalency through ligand display. For the quantitative evaluation of multivalency, the binding affinity must be determined. Quantification of the binding parameters provides insights for not only the fundamental glyconanomaterial-lectin interactions, but also the rational design of effective diagnostics and therapeutics. Several methods have been developed to determine the binding affinity of glyconanomaterials with lectins, including fluorescence competitive assays in solution or on microarrays, Förster resonance energy transfer, fluorescence quenching, isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance and dynamic light scattering. This Feature Article discusses each of these techniques, as well as how each technique is applied to determine the binding affinity of glyconanomaterials with lectins, and the data analysis. Although the results differed depending on the specific method used, collectively, they showed that nanomaterials as multivalent scaffolds could amplify the binding affinity of carbohydrate-lectin interactions by several orders of magnitude, the extent of which depending on the structure of the carbohydrate ligand, the ligand density, the linker length and the particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajani H Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
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Xie S, Sundhoro M, Houk KN, Yan M. Electrophilic Azides for Materials Synthesis and Chemical Biology. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:937-948. [PMID: 32207916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic azides are involved in a variety of useful transformations, including nitrene chemistry, reactions with nucleophiles and electrophiles, and cycloadditions. The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides constitute a major class of highly reliable and versatile reactions, as shown by the development and rapid adoption of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Cu/RuAAC), the prototypical click reaction, has found wide utility in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and materials sciences. The strain-promoted, or distortion-accelerated, azide-alkyne cycloaddition eliminates the need for a metal catalyst.In the azide-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azides are ambiphilic, i.e., HOMO-LUMO-controlled dipoles where both the HOMO and LUMO interact strongly with the dipolarophile. Azide-alkyne cycloaddition proceeds primarily through the HOMOazide-LUMOdipolarophile interaction, and electron-deficient dipolarophiles react more readily. The inverse-electron-demand reaction, involving the LUMOazide-HOMOdipolarophile interaction, is less common because of the low stability of electron-deficient azides such as acyl, sulfonyl, and phosphoryl azides. Nevertheless, there have been reports since the 1960s showing enhanced reaction kinetics between electron-poor azides and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Our laboratory has developed the use of perfluoroaryl azides (PFAAs), a class of stable electron-deficient azides, as nitrene precursors and for reactions with nucleophiles and electron-rich dipolarophiles. Perfluorination on the aryl ring also facilitates the synthesis of PFAAs and quantitative analysis of the products by 19F NMR spectroscopy.In this Account, we summarize key reactions involving electrophilic azides and applications of these reactions in materials synthesis and chemical biology. These electron-deficient azides exhibit unique reactivity toward nucleophiles and electron-rich or strained dipolarophiles, in some cases leading to new transformations that do not require any catalysts or products that are impossible to obtain from the nonelectrophilic azides. We highlight work from our laboratories on reactions of PFAAs with enamines, enolates, thioacids, and phosphines. In the reactions of PFAAs with enamines or enolates, the triazole or triazoline cycloaddition products undergo further rearrangement to give amidines or amides as the final products at rates of up to 105 times faster than their non-fluorinated anlogues. Computational investigations by the distortion/interaction activation strain model reveal that perfluorination lowers the LUMO of the aryl azide as well as the overall activation energy of the reaction by decreasing the distortion energies of the reactants to reach the transition states. The PFAA-enamine reaction can be carried out in a one-pot fashion using readily available starting materials of aldehyde and amine, making the reaction especially attractive, for example, in the functionalization of nanomaterials and derivatization of antibiotics for the preparation of theranostic nanodrugs. Similar fast kinetics was also observed for the PPAA-mediated Staudinger reaction, which proceeds at 104 times higher rate than the classic Staudinger ligation, giving stable phosphoimines in high yields. The reaction is biorthogonal, allowing cell-surface labeling with minimal background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Madanodaya Sundhoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Noy JM, Li Y, Smolan W, Roth PJ. Azide–para-Fluoro Substitution on Polymers: Multipurpose Precursors for Efficient Sequential Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina-Miriam Noy
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Willi Smolan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
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Xie S, Manuguri S, Ramström O, Yan M. Impact of Hydrogen Bonding on the Fluorescence of N-Amidinated Fluoroquinolones. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:910-916. [PMID: 30762939 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence properties of AIE-active N-amidinated fluoroquinolones, efficiently obtained by a perfluoroaryl azide-aldehyde-amine reaction, have been studied. The fluorophores were discovered to elicit a highly sensitive fluorescence quenching response towards guest molecules with hydrogen-bond-donating ability. This effect was evaluated in a range of protic/aprotic solvents with different H-bonding capabilities, and also in aqueous media. The influence of acid/base was furthermore addressed. The hydrogen-bonding interactions were studied by IR, NMR, UV/Vis and time-resolved fluorescence decay, revealing their roles in quenching of the fluorescence emission. Due to the pronounced quenching property of water, the N-amidinated fluoroquinolones could be utilized as fluorescent probes for quantifying trace amount of water in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xie
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Sesha Manuguri
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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Kong N, Park J, Yang X, Ramström O, Yan M. Carbohydrate Functionalization of Few-Layer Graphene through Microwave-Assisted Reaction of Perfluorophenyl Azide. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:284-291. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Kong
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - JaeHyeung Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Bakulev VA, Beryozkina T, Thomas J, Dehaen W. The Rich Chemistry Resulting from the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Enamines and Azides. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joice Thomas
- Department of Chemistry; The Bridge@USC and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; 90089-1661 Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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Design and synthesis of theranostic antibiotic nanodrugs that display enhanced antibacterial activity and luminescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8464-8469. [PMID: 28743748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708556114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the modular formulation of ciprofloxacin-based pure theranostic nanodrugs that display enhanced antibacterial activities, as well as aggregation-induced emission (AIE) enhancement that was successfully used to image bacteria. The drug derivatives, consisting of ciprofloxacin, a perfluoroaryl ring, and a phenyl ring linked by an amidine bond, were efficiently synthesized by a straightforward protocol from a perfluoroaryl azide, ciprofloxacin, and an aldehyde in acetone at room temperature. These compounds are propeller-shaped, and upon precipitation into water, readily assembled into stable nanoaggregates that transformed ciprofloxacin derivatives into AIE-active luminogens. The nanoaggregates displayed increased luminescence and were successfully used to image bacteria. In addition, these nanodrugs showed enhanced antibacterial activities, lowering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by more than one order of magnitude against both sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli The study represents a strategy in the design and development of pure theranostic nanodrugs for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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