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Perera SM, Aikawa T, Shaner SE, Moran SD, Wang L. Effects of the Intramolecular Group and Solvent on Vibrational Coupling Modes and Strengths of Fermi Resonances in Aryl Azides: A DFT Study of 4-Azidotoluene and 4-Azido- N-phenylmaleimide. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8911-8921. [PMID: 37819373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The high transition dipole strength of the azide asymmetric stretch makes aryl azides good candidates as vibrational probes (VPs). However, aryl azides have complex absorption profiles due to Fermi resonances (FRs). Understanding the origin and the vibrational modes involved in FRs of aryl azides is critically important toward developing them as VPs for studies of protein structures and structural changes in response to their surroundings. As such, we studied vibrational couplings in 4-azidotoluene and 4-azido-N-phenylmaleimide in two solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide and tetrahydrofuran, to explore the origin and the effects of intramolecular group and solvent on the FRs of aryl azides using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the B3LYP functional and seven basis sets, 6-31G(d,p), 6-31+G(d,p), 6-31++G(d,p), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), and 6-311++G(df,pd). Two combination bands consisting of the azide symmetric stretch and another mode form strong FRs with the azide asymmetric stretch for both molecules. The FR profile was altered by replacing the methyl group with maleimide. Solvents change the relative peak position and intensity more significantly for 4-azido-N-phenylmaleimide, which makes it a more sensitive VP. Furthermore, the DFT results indicate that a comparison among the results from different basis sets can be used as a means to predict more reliable vibrational spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya M Perera
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Tenyu Aikawa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Sarah E Shaner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701, United States
| | - Sean D Moran
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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Gong K, Xu F, Zhao Z, Li W, Liu D, Zhou X, Wang L. Theoretical investigation on the functional group modulation of UV-Vis absorption profiles of triphenylamine derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22002-22010. [PMID: 37555282 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the functional group modulation of electronic structure and excitation is pivotal to the design of organic small molecules (OSMs) for photoelectric applications. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations to explore the unique absorption character of four triphenylamine photosensitizers. The various conformations were investigated given the multiple single bonds in the compounds, and the resemblance in the electronic structure of different conformations is affirmed because the coplanarity and consequent long-range conjugation is maintained regardless of the orientation of the flexible blocks. Six functionals were evaluated, and MN15 was found to successfully reproduce the intense secondary absorption peak for the double 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) modified sensitizer over B3LYP, PBE0, M062X, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97XD. The introduction of EDOT gives rise to a new excited state S4, which is a local excitation constrained in the EDOT substituent triphenylamine block. This new excited state S4, in combination with inherent S2 and S3 derived from prototype molecule TPA-Pyc, jointly contributes to the hump of the secondary absorption peak of ETE-Pyc and finally affects the light-harvesting ability of the dye-sensitized TiO2 photoanode. The current findings provide guidance toward the rational design of OSMs with good light-harvest ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Sun H, Chen S, Zhong A, Sun R, Jin J, Yang J, Liu D, Niu J, Lu S. Tuning Photophysical Properties via Positional Isomerization of the Pyridine Ring in Donor-Acceptor-Structured Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens Based on Phenylmethylene Pyridineacetonitrile Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073282. [PMID: 37050045 PMCID: PMC10096500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-featured phenylmethylene pyridineacetonitrile derivatives named o-DBCNPy ((Z)-3-(4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylonitrile), m-DBCNPy ((Z)-3-(4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylonitrile), and p-DBCNPy ((Z)-3-(4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylonitrile) have been synthesized by tuning the substitution position of the pyridine ring. The linkage manner of the pyridine ring had influences on the molecular configuration and conjugation, thus leading to different photophysical properties. The absorption and fluorescence emission peak showed a bathochromic shift when the linking position of the pyridine ring changed from the meta to the ortho and para position. Meanwhile, o-DBCNPy exhibited the highest fluorescence quantum yield of 0.81 and the longest fluorescence lifetime of 7.96 ns as a neat film among all three isomers. Moreover, non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were assembled in which the molecules acted as the light-emitting layer. Due to the relatively prominent emission properties, the electroluminescence (EL) performance of the o-DBCNPy-based OLED was superior to those of the devices based on the other two isomers with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.31%. The results indicate that delicate molecular modulation of AIE molecules could endow them with improved photophysical properties, making them potential candidates for organic photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shuixin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Aiguo Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiajie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiahao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shengli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Wang T, Liu M, Mao J, Liang Y, Wang L, Liu D, Wang T, Hu W. Recent advances in long-persistent luminescence materials based on host–guest architecture. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Sun H, Chen S, Jin J, Sun R, Sun J, Liu D, Liu Z, Zeng J, Zhu Y, Niu J, Lu S. A water-stable Schiff base fluorophore: AIEE behavior, reversible mechanofluorochromism, detection of water content and viscosity of automobile brake fluid, and cell imaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Haiya S, Rong S, Juan S, Jinrui G, Ruofei L, Yuchen Z, Dongzhi L, Zhiqi L, Jinhong Z, Yinbang Z, Junfeng N, Shengli L. Donor-Acceptor structured phenylmethylene pyridineacetonitrile derivative with aggregation-induced emission characteristics: photophysical, mechanofluorochromic and electroluminescent properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang R, Gong K, Liu R, Liu D, Li W, Wang L, Zhou X. Spectral properties and photophysical processes of meso styryl substituent triphenylamine-porphyrin derivatives. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and spectral properties of meso-styryl substituted triphenylamine-porphyrin derivatives, mP-BLP, mPPC-BLP and their metal coordinated complexes. The photophysical processes were analyzed and related to the meso-groups and centre metal ions. The meso styryl substituent in mP-BLP and its complexes are able to extend the conjugation of porphyrin macrocycle to the styryl motif, increase light harvesting ability and accelerate intersystem crossing (ISC) process. A large dihedral angle between the meso-styryl group and porphyrin macrocycle would prohibit the delocalization of electrons between the two motifs and induce the occurrence of solvation decay process. Increasing the electron-withdrawing ability of meso-substituent via additional pyrimidine group could promote the photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer (PIET) process for mPPC-BLP. Moreover, the coordination of metal ions would significantly accelerate the photophysical processes of both mP-BLP and mPPC-BLP. Specially, the Mg[Formula: see text] is helpful to the ISC process whereas Zn[Formula: see text] is adverse to the ISC process, while Cu[Formula: see text] would boost the non-radiation process. Furthermore, Zn[Formula: see text] is able to promote the PIET process of mPPC-BLP, exhibiting the highest charge-separated tendency among these porphyrins. mPPC-ZnBLP-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices show the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE). The photovoltaic performance of DSSC devices reveals the significancy of the photoinduced charge-separated tendency for the design of porphyrin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kun Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruihong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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8
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Electronically excited state structures and stabilities of organic small molecules: A DFT study of triphenylamine derivatives. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Feng W, Zengji Z, Testoff TT, Wang T, Yan X, Li W, Liu D, Wang L, Zhou X. Photoinduced charge-separated molecular probe for ultrasensitive spectrum analysis and rapid colorimetric detection of platinum ions. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338278. [PMID: 33714447 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increased utilization of platinum ions in chemicals and drugs escalates environmental pollution and toxicity associated with Pt ions. However, current analysis and detection strategies of Pt ions display limited sensitivity due to the similar inert metal nature of platinum to gold. Herein, a photoinduced charge-separated molecule (MTPA)2Ab was synthesized as a probe for enhanced sensitive selection of Pt ions. Long-lived charge-separated states generated upon exposure to 365 nm light lead to a stable complex between (MTPA)2Ab and PtCl2/PtCl4 with highly-selectivity via sequential photoinduced electron transfers. Owing to the linear relationship of complex characteristic absorption and fluorescence emission intensities to Pt2+/Pt4+ concentrations, ultrasensitive spectrum analysis of Pt ions is achieved with a detection limit of 14.2 nM (2.8 ppb) for Pt2+ and 12.6 nM (2.5 ppb) for Pt4+ by an absorption spectrometer and 9.8 nM (1.9 ppb) for Pt ions (Pt2+/Pt4+) by a fluorescence spectrometer, far less than the reported values. Furthermore, a portable test box is developed based on (MTPA)2Ab test strips due to distinguishable color change with Pt2+/Pt4+ concentrations for rapid colorimetric detection of Pt ions. The results highlight the promise of photoinduced charge-separated molecular probe in ultrasensitive and rapid detection of Pt ions to overcome current limitations of detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China
| | - Zhuoma Zengji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China
| | - Thomas T Testoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Tianyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Xilong Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China
| | - Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States.
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, PR China.
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Nayak S, Ray A, Bhattacharya S. Size selective supramolecular interaction upon molecular complexation of a designed porphyrin with C60 and C70 in solution. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Xu F, Testoff TT, Wang L, Zhou X. Cause, Regulation and Utilization of Dye Aggregation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E4478. [PMID: 33003462 PMCID: PMC7582523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important member of third generation solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have the advantages of being low cost, having an easy fabrication process, utilizing rich raw materials and a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), prompting nearly three decades as a research hotspot. Recently, increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs has proven troublesome. Sensitizers, as the most important part, are no longer limited to molecular engineering, and the regulation of dye aggregation has become a widely held concern, especially in liquid DSSCs. This review first presents the operational mechanism of liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, including the influencing factors of various parameters on device efficiency. Secondly, the mechanism of dye aggregation was explained by molecular exciton theory, and the influence of various factors on dye aggregation was summarized. We focused on a review of several methods for regulating dye aggregation in liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed. In addition, the important application of quantum computational chemistry in the study of dye aggregation was introduced. Finally, an outlook was proposed that utilizing the advantages of dye aggregation by combining molecular engineering with dye aggregation regulation is a research direction to improve the performance of liquid DSSCs in the future. For solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs), the effects of solid electrolytes also need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Thomas T. Testoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
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Sun H, Li P, Liu D, Wang T, Li W, Hu W, Wang L, Zhou X. Tuning photophysical properties via alkoxyl groups in charge-separated triphenylamine sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Manfredi N, Trifiletti V, Melchiorre F, Giannotta G, Biagini P, Abbotto A. Performance enhancement of a dye-sensitized solar cell by peripheral aromatic and heteroaromatic functionalization in di-branched organic sensitizers. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of back reaction and enhanced photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer through peripheral functionalization of triphenylamino based dibranched donor–acceptor dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- I-20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - V. Trifiletti
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- I-20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - F. Melchiorre
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Environmental Istituto Donegani
- Eni S.p.A
- Novara
- Italy
| | - G. Giannotta
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Environmental Istituto Donegani
- Eni S.p.A
- Novara
- Italy
| | - P. Biagini
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Environmental Istituto Donegani
- Eni S.p.A
- Novara
- Italy
| | - A. Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and Milano-Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center – MIB-Solar
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- I-20125 Milano
- Italy
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