1
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Sakharova NA, Antunes JM, Pereira AFG, Chaparro BM, Parreira TG, Fernandes JV. Numerical Evaluation of the Elastic Moduli of AlN and GaN Nanosheets. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:799. [PMID: 38399050 PMCID: PMC10890007 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures of aluminum nitride (AlN) and gallium nitride (GaN), called nanosheets, have a graphene-like atomic arrangement and represent novel materials with important upcoming applications in the fields of flexible electronics, optoelectronics, and strain engineering, among others. Knowledge of their mechanical behavior is key to the correct design and enhanced functioning of advanced 2D devices and systems based on aluminum nitride and gallium nitride nanosheets. With this background, the surface Young's and shear moduli of AlN and GaN nanosheets over a wide range of aspect ratios were assessed using the nanoscale continuum model (NCM), also known as the molecular structural mechanics (MSM) approach. The NCM/MSM approach uses elastic beam elements to represent interatomic bonds and allows the elastic moduli of nanosheets to be evaluated in a simple way. The surface Young's and shear moduli calculated in the current study contribute to building a reference for the evaluation of the elastic moduli of AlN and GaN nanosheets using the theoretical method. The results show that an analytical methodology can be used to assess the Young's and shear moduli of aluminum nitride and gallium nitride nanosheets without the need for numerical simulation. An exploratory study was performed to adjust the input parameters of the numerical simulation, which led to good agreement with the results of elastic moduli available in the literature. The limitations of this method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Sakharova
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (A.F.G.P.); (T.G.P.); (J.V.F.)
| | - Jorge M. Antunes
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (A.F.G.P.); (T.G.P.); (J.V.F.)
- Abrantes High School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal;
| | - André F. G. Pereira
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (A.F.G.P.); (T.G.P.); (J.V.F.)
| | - Bruno M. Chaparro
- Abrantes High School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal;
| | - Tomás G. Parreira
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (A.F.G.P.); (T.G.P.); (J.V.F.)
| | - José V. Fernandes
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (A.F.G.P.); (T.G.P.); (J.V.F.)
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2
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Mondal S, Thakur S, Maiti S, Bhattacharjee S, Chattopadhyay KK. Self-Charging Piezo-Supercapacitor: One-Step Mechanical Energy Conversion and Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8446-8461. [PMID: 36719930 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the contemplations of ecological and environmental issues related to energy harvesting, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) may be an accessible, sustainable, and abundant elective wellspring of energy in the future. The PNGs' power output, however, is dependent on the mechanical energy input, which will be intermittent if the mechanical energy is not continuous. This is a fatal flaw for electronics that need continuous power. Here, a self-charging flexible supercapacitor (PSCFS) is successfully realized that can harvest sporadic mechanical energy, convert it to electrical energy, and simultaneously store power. Initially, chemically processed multimetallic oxide, namely, copper cobalt nickel oxide (CuCoNiO4) is amalgamated within the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) framework in different wt % to realize high-performance PNGs. The combination of CuCoNiO4 as filler creates a notable electroactive phase inside the PVDF matrix, and the composite realized by combining 1 wt % CuCoNiO4 with PVDF, coined as PNCU 1, exhibits the highest electroactive phase (>86%). Under periodic hammering (∼100 kPa), PNGs fabricated with this optimized composite film deliver an instantaneous voltage of ∼67.9 V and a current of ∼4.15 μA. Furthermore, PNG 1 is ingeniously integrated into a supercapacitor to construct PSCFS, using PNCU 1 as a separator and CuCoNiO4 nanowires on carbon cloth (CC) as the positive and negative electrodes. The self-charging behavior of the rectifier-free storage device was established under bending deformation. The PSCFS device exhibits ∼845 mV from its initial open-circuit potential ∼35 mV in ∼220 s under periodic bending of 180° at a frequency of 1 Hz. The PSCFS can power up various portable electronic appliances such as calculators, watches, and LEDs. This work offers a high-performance, self-powered device that can be used to replace bulky batteries in everyday electronic devices by harnessing mechanical energy, converting mechanical energy from its environment into electrical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Mondal
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata700032, India
| | - Subhasish Thakur
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata700032, India
| | - Soumen Maiti
- St. Thomas College of Engineering & Technology, Kolkata700032, India
| | | | - Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata700032, India
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata700032, India
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3
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Lu Y, Krishna S, Liao CH, Yang Z, Kumar M, Liu Z, Tang X, Xiao N, Hassine MB, Thoroddsen ST, Li X. Transferable Ga 2O 3 Membrane for Vertical and Flexible Electronics via One-Step Exfoliation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47922-47930. [PMID: 36241169 PMCID: PMC9614724 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transferable Ga2O3 thin film membrane is desirable for vertical and flexible solar-blind photonics and high-power electronics applications. However, Ga2O3 epitaxially grown on rigid substrates such as sapphire, Si, and SiC hinders its exfoliation due to the strong covalent bond between Ga2O3 and substrates, determining its lateral device configuration and also hardly reaching the ever-increasing demand for wearable and foldable applications. Mica substrate, which has an atomic-level flat surface and high-temperature tolerance, could be a good candidate for the van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy of crystalline Ga2O3 membrane. Beyond that, benefiting from the weak vdW bond between Ga2O3 and mica substrate, in this work, the Ga2O3 membrane is exfoliated and transferred to arbitrary flexible and adhesive tape, allowing for the vertical and flexible electronic configuration. This straightforward exfoliation method is verified to be consistent and reproducible by the transfer and characterization of thick (∼380 nm)/thin (∼95 nm) κ-phase Ga2O3 and conductive n-type β-Ga2O3. Vertical photodetectors are fabricated based on the exfoliated Ga2O3 membrane, denoting the peak response at ∼250 nm. Through the integration of Ti/Au Ohmic contact and Ni/Ag Schottky contact electrode, the vertical photodetector exhibits self-powered photodetection behavior with a responsivity of 17 mA/W under zero bias. The vdW-bond-assisted exfoliation of the Ga2O3 membrane demonstrated here could provide enormous opportunities in the pursuit of vertical and flexible Ga2O3 electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shibin Krishna
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Che-Hao Liao
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Division
of Physical Science and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mritunjay Kumar
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Tang
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Na Xiao
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ben Hassine
- CoreLabs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen
- Division
of Physical Science and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohang Li
- Advanced
Semiconductor Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program,
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Wang Y, Hong M, Venezuela J, Liu T, Dargusch M. Expedient secondary functions of flexible piezoelectrics for biomedical energy harvesting. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:291-311. [PMID: 36263099 PMCID: PMC9556936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible piezoelectrics realise the conversion between mechanical movements and electrical power by conformally attaching onto curvilinear surfaces, which are promising for energy harvesting of biomedical devices due to their sustainable body movements and/or deformations. Developing secondary functions of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters is becoming increasingly significant in recent years via aiming at issues that cannot be addressed or mitigated by merely increasing piezoelectric efficiencies. These issues include loose interfacial contact and pucker generation by stretching, power shortage or instability induced by inadequate mechanical energy, and premature function degeneration or failure caused by fatigue fracture after cyclic deformations. Herein, the expedient secondary functions of flexible piezoelectrics to mitigate above issues are reviewed, including stretchability, hybrid energy harvesting, and self-healing. Efforts have been devoted to understanding the state-of-the-art strategies and their mechanisms of achieving secondary functions based on piezoelectric fundamentals. The link between structural characteristic and function performance is unravelled by providing insights into carefully selected progresses. The remaining challenges of developing secondary functions are proposed in the end with corresponding outlooks. The current work hopes to help and inspire future research in this promising field focusing on developing the secondary functions of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia,Corresponding author.
| | - Min Hong
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ting Liu
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia,Corresponding author.
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5
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Sharma C, Srivastava AK, Gupta MK. Unusual nanoscale piezoelectricity-driven high current generation from a self S-defect-neutralised few-layered MoS 2 nanosheet-based flexible nanogenerator. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12885-12897. [PMID: 36040404 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of a high-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on S-defect-neutralised few-layered molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the number of stacked layers in the MoS2 sheets to be 3-5. The defect, electronic and chemical states of the as-grown MoS2 nanosheets were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An as-fabricated MoS2 nanogenerator with a CNT electrode generates an excellent high output voltage of 22 V and a record-high output current density of 9.00 μA cm-2 under a small vertical compressive force of 1.5 kgf. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of the 2D MoS2 nanosheets was investigated using piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), and a very high piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 120 pm V-1 was obtained. The energy conversion efficiency of the device was about 30%. Moreover, the MoS2 nanosheets show a high dielectric constant of about 2649 at low frequency. The results suggest that the absence of S-defects can reduce the free charge carrier and screening effect, resulting in a high output voltage and current density. The performance of the nanogenerator is discussed in terms of its high d33, high dielectric constant, the crystalline mixed phase of MoS2 and the electronic state of the MoS2 nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Avanish Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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6
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Lin L, Wang X, Niu M, Wu Q, Wang H, Zu Y, Wang W. Biomimetic epithelium/endothelium on chips. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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7
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Macário D, Domingos I, Carvalho N, Pinho P, Alves H. Harvesting circuits for triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable applications. iScience 2022; 25:103977. [PMID: 35310949 PMCID: PMC8931365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) and recently Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) bear the promise of new devices able to communicate and assist our daily lives toward wearable technologies which demand a versatile integration such as in wireless body networks (WBN), sensing, and health monitorization. These must comply with stringent constraints on energy usage. Dimensions and complexity intensify the need for small and maintenance-free power sources. Environment energy harvesting and storage is an important approach to sustain operation for a long time. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) arise as a strong and promising solution to power the new field of outcoming self-sustainable devices, implantable, and wearable devices. They can transform mechanical energy in different modes, have simple structures, and use vulgar and sustainable materials. This paper makes a review about TENGs technology, construction, materials, operation, and focus on strategies for harvesting circuits. Main challenges like efficiency, reliability, energy storage, and sustainability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Macário
- Electronic, Telecomunications and Informatics Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- IT, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ismael Domingos
- Physics and Chemistry Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carvalho
- Electronic, Telecomunications and Informatics Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- IT, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Electronic, Telecomunications and Informatics Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
- IT, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Alves
- Physics and Chemistry Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Zhou L, Zhu L, Yang T, Hou X, Du Z, Cao S, Wang H, Chou KC, Wang ZL. Ultra-Stable and Durable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator with All-Weather Service Capability Based on N Doped 4H-SiC Nanohole Arrays. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:30. [PMID: 34902072 PMCID: PMC8669063 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-stable piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) driven by environmental actuation sources with all-weather service capability is highly desirable. Here, the PENG based on N doped 4H-SiC nanohole arrays (NHAs) is proposed to harvest ambient energy under low/high temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Finite element method simulation of N doped 4H-SiC NHAs in compression mode is developed to evaluate the relationship between nanohole diameter and piezoelectric performance. The density of short circuit current of the assembled PENG reaches 313 nA cm-2, which is 1.57 times the output of PENG based on N doped 4H-SiC nanowire arrays. The enhancement can be attributed to the existence of nanohole sidewalls in NHAs. All-weather service capability of the PENG is verified after being treated at -80/80 ℃ and 0%/100% RH for 50 days. The PENG is promising to be widely used in practice worldwide to harvest biomechanical energy and mechanical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Laipan Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinmei Hou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chih Chou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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9
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Min JH, Li KH, Kim YH, Min JW, Kang CH, Kim KH, Lee JS, Lee KJ, Jeong SM, Lee DS, Bae SY, Ng TK, Ooi BS. Toward Large-Scale Ga 2O 3 Membranes via Quasi-Van Der Waals Epitaxy on Epitaxial Graphene Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13410-13418. [PMID: 33709688 PMCID: PMC8041250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth using graphene (GR), weakly bonded by van der Waals force, is a subject of interest for fabricating technologically important semiconductor membranes. Such membranes can potentially offer effective cooling and dimensional scale-down for high voltage power devices and deep ultraviolet optoelectronics at a fraction of the bulk-device cost. Here, we report on a large-area β-Ga2O3 nanomembrane spontaneous-exfoliation (1 cm × 1 cm) from layers of compressive-strained epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on SiC, and demonstrated high-responsivity flexible solar-blind photodetectors. The EG was favorably influenced by lattice arrangement of SiC, and thus enabled β-Ga2O3 direct-epitaxy on the EG. The β-Ga2O3 layer was spontaneously exfoliated at the interface of GR owing to its low interfacial toughness by controlling the energy release rate through electroplated Ni layers. The use of GR templates contributes to the seamless exfoliation of the nanomembranes, and the technique is relevant to eventual nanomembrane-based integrated device technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hong Min
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuang-Hui Li
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong-Hyeon Kim
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Min
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Hong Kang
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan
National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- School
of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jae Lee
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seong-Min Jeong
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School
of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Si-Young Bae
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Tien Khee Ng
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boon S. Ooi
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Chen X, Dong J, He C, He L, Chen Z, Li S, Zhang K, Wang X, Wang ZL. Epitaxial Lift-Off of Flexible GaN-Based HEMT Arrays with Performances Optimization by the Piezotronic Effect. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:67. [PMID: 34138301 PMCID: PMC8187690 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are a promising device in the field of radio frequency and wireless communication. However, to unlock the full potential of HEMTs, the fabrication of large-size flexible HEMTs is required. Herein, a large-sized (> 2 cm2) of AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure-based HEMTs were successfully stripped from sapphire substrate to a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate by an electrochemical lift-off technique. The piezotronic effect was then induced to optimize the electron transport performance by modulating/tuning the physical properties of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and phonons. The saturation current of the flexible HEMT is enhanced by 3.15% under the 0.547% tensile condition, and the thermal degradation of the HEMT was also obviously suppressed under compressive straining. The corresponding electrical performance changes and energy diagrams systematically illustrate the intrinsic mechanism. This work not only provides in-depth understanding of the piezotronic effect in tuning 2DEG and phonon properties in GaN HEMTs, but also demonstrates a low-cost method to optimize its electronic and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqi Dong
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang He
- Institute of Semiconductor, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510651, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei He
- Institute of Semiconductor, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510651, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Institute of Semiconductor, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510651, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuti Li
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Institute of Semiconductor, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510651, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA.
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11
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Cao D, Wang B, Lu D, Zhou X, Ma X. Preparation and novel photoluminescence properties of the self-supporting nanoporous InP thin films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20564. [PMID: 33239693 PMCID: PMC7688937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-supporting nanoporous InP membranes are prepared by electrochemical etching, and are then first transferred to highly reflective (> 96%) mesoporous GaN (MP-GaN) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) or quartz substrate. By the modulation of bandgap, the nanoporous InP samples show a strong photoluminescence (PL) peak at 541.2 nm due to the quantum size effect of the nanoporous InP structure. Compared to the nanoporous InP membrane with quartz substrate, the nanoporous membrane transferred to DBR shows a twofold enhancement in PL intensity owing to the high light reflection effect of bottom DBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Cao
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronic, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingze Lu
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronic, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronic, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hou Y, Wang Y, Ai Q. A thin transferable blue light-emitting diode by electrochemical lift-off. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abb07d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We demonstrate a transferable blue light-emitting diode (LED) fabricated using a cost-effective approach. By means of solution-based electrochemical etching, an ultrathin free-standing membrane can be obtained from a commercial III-nitride LED wafer. The membrane, containing a full LED structure (including p-/n-type layers and multiple quantum wells) epitaxially grown on a sapphire substrate, is transferable to foreign substrates with a simple lift-off process facilitated by electrochemical etching. After fabrication, optical properties of the thin film are massively improved, accompanied by a 17-fold enhanced photoluminescence normal to the film surface. Prototype transferable blue LEDs are realized on both a copper-coated glass substrate and a polypropylene substrate. The devices exhibit a high performance with bright emission at 447 nm under electrical injection at room temperature.
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13
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Kang JH, Li B, Zhao T, Johar MA, Lin CC, Fang YH, Kuo WH, Liang KL, Hu S, Ryu SW, Han J. RGB Arrays for Micro-Light-Emitting Diode Applications Using Nanoporous GaN Embedded with Quantum Dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30890-30895. [PMID: 32519834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The multiple light scattering of nanoporous (NP) GaN was systematically studied and applied to the color down-conversion for micro-light-emitting diode (LED) display applications. The transport mean free path (TMFP) in NP GaN is 660 nm at 450 nm (light wavelength), and it decreases with a decreasing wavelength. It was observed that the short TMFP of the NP GaN increased the light extinction coefficient at 370 nm by 11 times. Colloidal QDs were loaded into a half 4″ wafer scale NP GaN, and 96 and 100% of light conversion efficiencies for green and red were achieved, respectively. By loading green and red QDs selectively into NP GaN mesas, we demonstrated the RGB microarrays based on the blue-violet pumping light with green and red color converting regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bingjun Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tianshuo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Muhammad Ali Johar
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Fang
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Kuo
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ling Liang
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan
| | - Shu Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Sang-Wan Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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14
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Cheng S, Han S, Cao Z, Xu C, Fang X, Wang X. Wearable and Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on High-Quality GaN pn Junction Microwire Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907461. [PMID: 32187862 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth in wearable electronics sensing devices, flexible sensing devices that monitor the human body have shown great promise in personalized healthcare. In the study, high-quality GaN pn junction microwire arrays with different aspect ratios and large-area uniformity are fabricated through an easy, repeatable fabrication process. The piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ) of GaN pn junction microwire arrays increases from 7.23 to 14.46 pm V-1 with the increasing of the aspect ratio, which is several times higher than that of GaN bulk material. Furthermore, flexible ultrasensitive strain sensor based on GaN microwires with the highest d33 is demonstrated to achieve the maximum open circuit voltage of 10.4 V, and presents excellent durability with stable output signals over 10 000 cycles with a response time of 50 ms. As a flexible and wearable sensor attached to the human skin, the GaN microwire pn junction arrays with such a high degree of uniformity can precisely monitor subtle human pulse and motions, which show great promise in future personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiduo Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Sancan Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Chenchao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
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15
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Waseem A, Johar MA, Hassan MA, Bagal IV, Ha JS, Lee JK, Ryu SW. Enhanced stability of piezoelectric nanogenerator based on GaN/V 2O 5 core-shell nanowires with capacitive contact. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:075401. [PMID: 31675751 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab53b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced stability of a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) was demonstrated using c- and m-axis GaN/V2O5 core-shell nanowires (NWs) by analyzing the capacitive coupling of the PNG's output. The NW array grown on GaN thin film was embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, following which the matrix was transferred to an indium (In)-coated PET substrate for achieving superior flexibility of the PNG. The stability of the PNG was enhanced by holding the NW PDMS composite with a PDMS polymer as a bonding material on the PET substrate. The inserted PDMS layer improved the lifetime of the PNG, however, because of the insulating nature of PDMS, the piezoelectric output of GaN NWs was coupled capacitively to In contact on PET substrate and it resulted in a slight degradation of piezoelectric output due to the voltage drop across the bottom capacitive contact. The maximum piezoelectric current was 64 nA and output voltage was 11.9 V from the PNG with c-axis NWs. While the PNG with direct bottom contact exhibited 57% output reduction after 72 000 operation cycles, the PNG with capacitive contact did not show any degradation in stability even after 150 000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Waseem
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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16
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Sripadmanabhan Indira S, Aravind Vaithilingam C, Oruganti KSP, Mohd F, Rahman S. Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E773. [PMID: 31137520 PMCID: PMC6566161 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable power source to meet the needs of energy requirement is very much essential in modern society as the conventional sources are depleting. Bioenergy, hydropower, solar, and wind are some of the well-established renewable energy sources that help to attain the need for energy at mega to gigawatts power scale. Nanogenerators based on nano energy are the growing technology that facilitate self-powered systems, sensors, and flexible and portable electronics in the booming era of IoT (Internet of Things). The nanogenerators can harvest small-scale energy from the ambient nature and surroundings for efficient utilization. The nanogenerators were based on piezo, tribo, and pyroelectric effect, and the first of its kind was developed in the year 2006 by Wang et al. The invention of nanogenerators is a breakthrough in the field of ambient energy-harvesting techniques as they are lightweight, easily fabricated, sustainable, and care-free systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review on fundamentals, performance, recent developments, and application of nanogenerators in self-powered sensors, wind energy harvesting, blue energy harvesting, and its integration with solar photovoltaics are discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges in the growth of this technology are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kameswara Satya Prakash Oruganti
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Faizal Mohd
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Saidur Rahman
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- American University of Ras Al Khaimah, 31291 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
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18
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Stable and High Piezoelectric Output of GaN Nanowire-Based Lead-Free Piezoelectric Nanogenerator by Suppression of Internal Screening. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8060437. [PMID: 29904016 PMCID: PMC6027358 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) that is based on c-axis GaN nanowires is fabricated on flexible substrate. In this regard, c-axis GaN nanowires were grown on GaN substrate using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Further, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated on nanowire-arrays then PDMS matrix embedded with GaN nanowire-arrays was transferred on Si-rubber substrate. The piezoelectric performance of nanowire-based flexible PNG was measured, while the device was actuated using a cyclic stretching-releasing agitation mechanism that was driven by a linear motor. The piezoelectric output was measured as a function of actuation frequency ranging from 1 Hz to 10 Hz and a linear tendency was observed for piezoelectric output current, while the output voltages remained constant. A maximum of piezoelectric open circuit voltages and short circuit current were measured 15.4 V and 85.6 nA, respectively. In order to evaluate the feasibility of our flexible PNG for real application, a long term stability test was performed for 20,000 cycles and the device performance was degraded by less than 18%. The underlying reason for the high piezoelectric output was attributed to the reduced free carriers inside nanowires due to surface Fermi-level pinning and insulating metal-dielectric-semiconductor interface, respectively; the former reduced the free carrier screening radially while latter reduced longitudinally. The flexibility and the high aspect ratio of GaN nanowire were the responsible factors for higher stability. Such higher piezoelectric output and the novel design make our device more promising for the diverse range of real applications.
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19
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Chen J, Oh SK, Zou H, Shervin S, Wang W, Pouladi S, Zi Y, Wang ZL, Ryou JH. High-Output Lead-Free Flexible Piezoelectric Generator Using Single-Crystalline GaN Thin Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12839-12846. [PMID: 29595054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric generators (PEGs) are a promising power source for future self-powered electronics by converting ubiquitous ambient mechanical energy into electricity. However, most of the high-output PEGs are made from lead zirconate titanate, in which the hazardous lead could be a potential risk to both humans and environment, limiting their real applications. III-Nitride (III-N) can be a potential candidate to make stable, safe, and efficient PEGs due to its high chemical stability and piezoelectricity. Also, PEGs are preferred to be flexible rather than rigid, to better harvest the low-magnitude mechanical energy. Herein, a high-output, lead-free, and flexible PEG (F-PEG) is made from GaN thin film by transferring a single-crystalline epitaxial layer from silicon substrate to a flexible substrate. The output voltage, current density, and power density can reach 28 V, 1 μA·cm-2, and 6 μW·cm-2, respectively, by bending the F-PEG. The generated electric power by human finger bending is high enough to light commercial visible light-emitting diodes and charge commercial capacitors. The output performance is maintained higher than 95% of its original value after 10 000-cycle test. This highly stable, high-output, and lead-free GaN thin-film F-PEG has the great potential for future self-powered electronic devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
| | - Seung Kyu Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
| | - Haiyang Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30331-0245 , United States
| | - Shahab Shervin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
| | - Sara Pouladi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
| | - Yunlong Zi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30331-0245 , United States
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30331-0245 , United States
| | - Jae-Hyun Ryou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-4006 , United States
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