1
|
Parten C, Subeshan B, Asmatulu R. Highly conductive and durable nanocomposite hard coatings of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites against lightning strikes. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:97. [PMID: 38842736 PMCID: PMC11156827 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The growing use of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) like low-melting polyaryletherketone (LM-PAEK) matrices reinforced with unidirectional carbon fiber (CF) in aircraft structures presents a significant challenge in terms of lightning strikes and electromagnetic interference shielding during aircraft operations. This is due to the weak electrical conductivity of TPC structures, which results in widespread damage when struck by lightning. The repair and maintenance of these extended damaged sites can increase operational costs and loss of flights. Several lightning strike protection (LSP) systems have been developed and implemented to address these concerns. This study evaluated a highly conductive coating with a low filler rate for its effectiveness as an LSP solution for TPCs on exterior aircraft surfaces. The TPC panel without any coatings was first studied. Subsequently, the level of conductivity was increased by incorporating the nanoscale conductive fillers, silver-coated copper (Ag/Cu) nanoflakes, with a silver content of 20 wt.% (Ag20/Cu) and 30 wt.% (Ag30/Cu), correspondingly, into the coating at two loadings of 55 wt.% and 70 wt.% in an epoxy carrier for the surface coatings. The behavior of electrical and surface conductivity was thoroughly examined to understand the impact of Ag/Cu with a high aspect ratio and the effectiveness of the LSP solution. In addition, the spray-coated TPC panels underwent rigorous Zone 2A lightning strike testing using simulated lightning current, in agreement with the industry standard of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 5412B. Despite the higher resistance due to the lower conductive coating weight, the TPC panels with Ag30/Cu at loading of 70 wt.% achieved better results than those with Ag30/Cu at loading of 55 wt.%. This is evidenced by the minor structural delamination and CF breakage on the front surface, which proposes a new economic route for a sustainable post-processed LSP system in the aviation industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clay Parten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
| | - Balakrishnan Subeshan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
| | - Ramazan Asmatulu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weerasinghe PVT, Wijesena RN, Tissera ND, Priyadarshana G, Wanasekara ND, Dissanayake DGK, Nalin de Silva KM. Electroless plating of premetalized polyamide fibers for stretchable conductive devices. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18605-18613. [PMID: 37346959 PMCID: PMC10280805 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach was used to produce electrically conductive polyamide yarns, employing an electroless plating technique, which involved stabilizing silver nanoparticles on the surface of the yarn using Sn2+. First, the [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex was reduced using Sn2+ to produce silver nanoparticle seed layers on the fiber surface, followed by a formaldehyde reduction. The nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles on the fiber surface were observed through SEM images, demonstrating varying degrees of silver deposition depending on the silver concentration. This deposition variation was confirmed through XRD patterns, TGA data and UV-vis spectra. Additionally, XPS characterization showed the evolution of the chemical state of silver and tin during the silver reduction process. Electrical resistance revealed that the resistance per unit length of the yarn ranged from 3 ± 0.3 Ω cm-1 to 70 ± 6 Ω cm-1, depending on the silver concentration. The resulting silver-plated yarn was incorporated into a stretchable device, demonstrating stable resistance over multiple cycles. This method of fabricating conductive yarn has the potential to open up new possibilities in the design and manufacture of stretchable conductive devices for flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Vishakha T Weerasinghe
- Department of Textile and Clothing Textile and Clothing Technology, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa Sri Lanka
| | - Ruchira N Wijesena
- Division of Textile and Clothing Technology, Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa Diyagama Homagama Sri Lanka
| | - Nadeeka D Tissera
- Division of Textile and Clothing Technology, Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa Diyagama Homagama Sri Lanka
| | - Gayan Priyadarshana
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila Nugegoda Sri Lanka
| | - Nandula D Wanasekara
- Department of Textile and Clothing Textile and Clothing Technology, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa Sri Lanka
| | - D G Kanchana Dissanayake
- Department of Textile and Clothing Textile and Clothing Technology, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa Sri Lanka
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang H, Zhu Y, Zhao G, Tian A, Li H, Li J, Zhao S, Zhang G, Gao A, Cui J, Yan Y. Preparation and Optimization of Conductive PDMS Composite Foams with Absorption-dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance via Silvered Aramid Microfibers. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
4
|
Valachová K, Švík K, Jurčík R, Ondruška Ľ, Biró C, Šoltés L. Enhanced healing of skin wounds in ischemic rabbits using chitosan/hyaluronan/edaravone composite membranes: effects of laponite, carbon and silver-plated carbon nanofiber fillers. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
5
|
Manna RK, Gentile K, Shklyaev OE, Sen A, Balazs AC. Self-Generated Convective Flows Enhance the Rates of Chemical Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1432-1439. [PMID: 35029999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In chemical solutions, the products of catalytic reactions can occupy different volumes compared to the reactants and thus give rise to local density variations in the fluid. These density variations generate solutal buoyancy forces, which are exerted on the fluid and thus "pump" the fluid to flow. Herein, we examine if the reaction-induced pumping accelerates the chemical reaction by transporting the reactants to the catalyst at a rate faster than passive diffusion. Using both simulations and experiments, we show a significant increase in reaction rate when reaction-generated convective flow is present. In effect, through a feedback loop, catalysts speed up reactions not only by lowering the energy barrier but also by increasing the collision frequency between the reactants and the catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kayla Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Facile Route to Effective Antimicrobial Aluminum Oxide Layer Realized by Co-Deposition with Silver Nitrate. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced the focus of attention on a significant issue: the realization of antimicrobial surfaces for public spaces, which do not require extensive use of disinfectants. Silver represents one of the most used elements in this context, thanks to its excellent biocidal performance. This work describes a simple method for the realization of anodized aluminum layers, whose antimicrobial features are ensured by the co-deposition with silver nitrate. The durability and the chemical resistance of the samples were evaluated by means of several accelerated degradation tests, such as the exposure in a salt spray chamber, the contact with synthetic sweat and the scrub test, highlighting the residual influence of silver in altering the protective behavior of the alumina layers. Furthermore, the ISO 22196:2011 standard was used as the reference protocol to set up an assay to measure the effective antibacterial activity of the alumina-Ag layers against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, even at low concentrations of silver. Finally, the Ag-containing aluminum oxide layers exhibited excellent antimicrobial performances also following the chemical–physical degradation processes, ensuring good durability over time of the antimicrobial surfaces. Overall, this work introduces a simple route for the realization of anodized aluminum surfaces with excellent antibacterial properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Song Y, Dattatray Phule A, Yu Z, Zhang X, Du A, Wang H, Xiu Zhang Z. Lightweight and flexible silicone rubber foam with dopamine grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles using supercritical foaming technology: Its preparation and electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
8
|
Control over electroless plating of silver on silica nanoparticles with sodium citrate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 576:376-384. [PMID: 32450370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of citrate to control the electroless plating of silver metal on silica nanoparticles. We find that the incorporation of relatively small amounts of citrate during the reduction of the Tollens' reagent in the presence of sensitized silica nanoparticles induces a continuous transition from conformal to raspberry particle coatings. This transition is dependent on both the citrate concentration and the silver precursor concentration. We characterize this transition using electron microscopy and spectroscopy and use these results to confirm citrate's ability to cap and restrict silver growth. We compliment these structural measurements with in-situ quartz crystal microbalance experiments to quantify citrate's role as a complexing agent to slow silver reduction kinetics. These results confirm citrate's dual role in controlling the morphology of silver deposits produced in this work.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wan X, Luo L, Liu Y, Leng J. Direct Ink Writing Based 4D Printing of Materials and Their Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001000. [PMID: 32832355 PMCID: PMC7435246 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
4D printing has attracted academic interest in the recent years because it endows static printed structures with dynamic properties with the change of time. The shapes, functionalities, or properties of the 4D printed objects could alter under various stimuli such as heat, light, electric, and magnetic field. Briefly, 4D printing is the development of 3D printing with the fourth dimension of time. Among the fabrication techniques that have been employed for 4D printing, the direct ink writing technique shows superiority due to its open source for various types of materials. Herein, the state-of-the-art achievements about the topic of 4D printing through direct ink writing are summarized. The types of materials, printing strategies, actuated methods, and their potential applications are discussed in detail. To date, most efforts have been devoted to shape-shifting materials, including shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and liquid crystal elastomers, showing great prospects in areas ranging from the biomedical field to robotics. Finally, the current challenges and outlook toward 4D printing based on direct ink writing are also pointed out to leave open a significant space for future innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wan
- Center for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Lan Luo
- Center for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and MechanicsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gentile K, Maiti S, Brink A, Rallabandi B, Stone HA, Sen A. Silver-Based Self-Powered pH-Sensitive Pump and Sensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7948-7955. [PMID: 32536169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonmechanical nano/microscale pumps that provide precise control over flow rate without the aid of an external power source and that are capable of turning on in response to specific analytes in solution are needed for the next generation of smart micro- and nanoscale devices. Herein, a self-powered chemically driven silver micropump is reported that is based on the two-step catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The pumping direction and speed can be controlled by modulating the solution pH, and modeling and theory allow for the kinetics of the reaction steps to be connected to the fluid velocity. In addition, by changing the pH dynamically using glucose oxidase (GOx)-catalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, the direction of fluid pumping can be altered in situ, allowing for the design of a glucose sensor. This work underscores the versatility of catalytic pumps and their ability to function as sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Allison Brink
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bhargav Rallabandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei H, Cauchy X, Navas IO, Abderrafai Y, Chizari K, Sundararaj U, Liu Y, Leng J, Therriault D. Direct 3D Printing of Hybrid Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites for Highly Conductive and Shape Memory Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24523-24532. [PMID: 31187627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing with conductive polymer nanocomposites provides an attractive strategy for the "on-demand" fabrication of electrical devices. This paper demonstrates a family of highly conductive multimaterial composites that can be directly printed into ready-to-use multifunctional electrical devices using a flexible solvent-cast 3D printing technique. The new material design leverages the high aspect ratio and low contact resistance of the hybrid silver-coated carbon nanofibers (Ag@CNFs) with the excellent 3D printability of the thermoplastic polymer. The achieved nanocomposites are capable of printing in open air under ambient conditions, meanwhile presenting a low percolation threshold (i.e., <6 vol %) and high electrical conductivity (i.e., >2.1 × 105 S/m) without any post-treatments. We further find that this hybrid Ag@CNF-based nanocomposite shows a quick and low-voltage-triggered electrical-responsive shape memory behavior, making it a great candidate for printing electroactive devices. Multiple different as-printed Ag@CNF-based highly conductive nanocomposite structures used as high-performance electrical devices (e.g., ambient-printable conductive components, microstructured fiber sensors, flexible and lightweight scaffolds for electromagnetic interference shielding, and low-voltage-triggered smart grippers) are successfully demonstrated herein. This simple additive manufacturing approach combined with the synergic effects of the multimaterial nanocomposite paves new ways for further development of advanced and smart electrical devices in areas of soft robotics, sensors, wearable electronics, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advance Composites in Special Environments , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
| | - Xavier Cauchy
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
| | - Ivonne Otero Navas
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Yahya Abderrafai
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
| | - Kambiz Chizari
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics , Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advance Composites in Special Environments , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Therriault
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal H3T 1J4 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wanwong S, Sangkhun W, Homayounfar SZ, Park KW, Andrew TL. Wash-stable, oxidation resistant conductive cotton electrodes for wearable electronics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9198-9203. [PMID: 35517689 PMCID: PMC9062007 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial, untreated cotton fabrics have been directly silver coated using one-step electroless deposition and, subsequently, conformally encapsulated with a thin layer of poly(perfluorodecylacrylate) (PFDA) using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The surface of these PFDA encapsulated fabrics are notably water-repellent while still displaying a surface resistance as low as 0.2 Ω cm−1, making them suitable for incorporation into launderable wearable electronics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that the PFDA encapsulation prevents oxidation of the silver coating, whereas unencapsulated samples display detrimental silver oxidation after a month of air exposure. The wash stability of PFDA-encapsulated, silver-coated cotton is evaluated using accelerated laundering conditions, following established AATCC protocols, and the samples are observed to withstand up to twenty home laundering cycles without notable mechanical degradation of the vapor-deposited PFDA encapsulation. As a proof-of-concept, PFDA-Ag cotton is employed as a top and bottom electrode in a layered, all-fabric triboelectric generator that produces voltage outputs as high as 25 V with small touch actions, such as tapping. Poly(perflurododecyacrylate) encapsulated, silver-coated cotton electrodes that retained low surface resistance, being water-repellent and oxidative resistance was created for wearable electronics.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sompit Wanwong
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Energy
- Environment and Materials
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
- Bangkok 10140
| | - Weradesh Sangkhun
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Energy
- Environment and Materials
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
- Bangkok 10140
| | | | - Kwang-Won Park
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu J, Dai T, Cao Y, Qu Y, Li Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Gao H. Controllable fabrication of Pt nanocatalyst supported on N-doped carbon containing nickel nanoparticles for ethanol oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 524:360-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Ravindran AR, Feng C, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Yang J. Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelet Size and Surface Area on the AC Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Constant of Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050477. [PMID: 30966511 PMCID: PMC6415418 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with various grades of multilayer graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are manufactured and tested. The effects of size, surface area, and concentration of GNP, as well as alternating current (AC) frequency on the electrical and dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites are experimentally investigated. GNPs with larger size and surface area are always beneficial to increase the electrical conductivity of the composites. However, their effects on the dielectric constant are highly dependent on GNP concentration and AC frequency. At lower GNP concentration, the dielectric constant increases proportionally with the increase in GNP size, while decreasing as the AC frequency increases. At higher GNP concentration in epoxy, the dielectric constant first increases with the increase of the GNP size, but decreases thereafter. This trend is also observed for varying the processed GNP surface area on the dielectric constant. Moreover, the variations of the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant with the GNP concentration and AC frequency are then correlated with the measured interfiller spacing and GNP diameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Raj Ravindran
- Sir Lawrence Wackett Aerospace Research Centre, School of Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Chuang Feng
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Shu Huang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Zhan Zhao
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|