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Jung H, Shin G, Kwak H, Hao LT, Jegal J, Kim HJ, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX. Review of polymer technologies for improving the recycling and upcycling efficiency of plastic waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138089. [PMID: 36754297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human society has become increasingly reliant on plastic because it allows for convenient and sanitary living. However, recycling rates are currently low, which means that the majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills or the ocean. Increasing recycling and upcycling rates is a critical strategy for addressing the issues caused by plastic pollution, but there are several technical limitations to overcome. This article reviews advancements in polymer technology that aim to improve the efficiency of recycling and upcycling plastic waste. In food packaging, natural polymers with excellent gas barrier properties and self-cleaning abilities have been introduced as environmentally friendly alternatives to existing materials and to reduce food-derived contamination. Upcycling and valorization approaches have emerged to transform plastic waste into high-value-added products. Recent advancements in the development of recyclable high-performance plastics include the design of super engineering thermoplastics and engineering chemical bonds of thermosets to make them recyclable and biodegradable. Further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and scalable technologies to address the plastic pollution problem through sustainable recycling and upcycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuni Jung
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Shin
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Kwak
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang YS, Hu MH, Jan JS, Hu JJ. Incorporation of Glutamic Acid or Amino-Protected Glutamic Acid into Poly(Glycerol Sebacate): Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112206. [PMID: 35683879 PMCID: PMC9182726 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a soft, tough elastomer with excellent biocompatibility, has been exploited successfully in many tissue engineering applications. Although tunable to some extent, the rapid in vivo degradation kinetics of PGS is not compatible with the healing rate of some tissues. The incorporation of L-glutamic acid into a PGS network with an aim to retard the degradation rate of PGS through the formation of peptide bonds was conducted in this study. A series of poly(glycerol sebacate glutamate) (PGSE) containing various molar ratios of sebacic acid/L-glutamic acid were synthesized. Two kinds of amino-protected glutamic acids, Boc-L-glutamic acid and Z-L-glutamic acid were used to prepare controls that consist of no peptide bonds, denoted as PGSE-B and PGSE-Z, respectively. The prepolymers were characterized using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Cured elastomers were characterized using FT-IR, DSC, TGA, mechanical testing, and contact angle measurement. In vitro enzymatic degradation of PGSE over a period of 28 days was investigated. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of peptide bonds. The glass transition temperature for the elastomer was found to increase as the ratio of sebacic acid/glutamic acid was increased to four. The decomposition temperature of the elastomer decreased as the amount of glutamic acid was increased. PGSE exhibited less stiffness and larger elongation at break as the ratio of sebacic acid/glutamic acid was decreased. Notably, PGSE-Z was stiffer and had smaller elongation at break than PGSE and PGSE-B at the same molar ratio of monomers. The results of in vitro enzymatic degradation demonstrated that PGSE has a lower degradation rate than does PGS, whereas PGSE-B and PGSE-Z degrade at a greater rate than does PGS. SEM images suggest that the degradation of these crosslinked elastomers is due to surface erosion. The cytocompatibility of PGSE was considered acceptable although slightly lower than that of PGS. The altered mechanical properties and retarded degradation kinetics for PGSE reflect the influence of peptide bonds formed by the introduction of L-glutamic acid. PGSE displaying a lower degradation rate compared to that for PGS can be used as a scaffold material for the repair or regeneration of tissues that are featured by a low healing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsien Hu
- Bachelor Program for Design and Materials for Medical Equipment and Devices, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan;
- Orthopedic Department, Showchwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shiung Jan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-S.J.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-S.J.); (J.-J.H.)
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Dios Caputto MD, Navarro R, Valentín JL, Marcos‐Fernández Á. Chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: Moving to a circular model. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Dios Caputto
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan López Valentín
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos‐Fernández
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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Payne JM, Kamran M, Davidson MG, Jones MD. Versatile Chemical Recycling Strategies: Value-Added Chemicals from Polyester and Polycarbonate Waste. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200255. [PMID: 35114081 PMCID: PMC9306953 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ZnII -complexes bearing half-salan ligands were exploited in the mild and selective chemical upcycling of various commercial polyesters and polycarbonates. Remarkably, we report the first example of discrete metal-mediated poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC) methanolysis being appreciably active at room temperature. Indeed, Zn(2)2 and Zn(2)Et achieved complete BPA-PC consumption within 12-18 mins in 2-Me-THF, noting high bisphenol A (BPA) yields (SBPA =85-91 %) within 2-4 h. Further kinetic analysis found such catalysts to possess kapp values of 0.28±0.040 and 0.47±0.049 min-1 respectively at 4 wt%, the highest reported to date. A completely circular upcycling approach to plastic waste was demonstrated through the production of several renewable poly(ester-amide)s (PEAs), based on a terephthalamide monomer derived from bottle-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which exhibited excellent thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Payne
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
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Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials have offered much more opportunities from an engineering standpoint for treating diseases and maintaining health. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs), as an outstanding family among such biomaterials, have risen overwhelmingly in the past decades. These synthetic polymers have easily and widely available raw materials and a diversity of synthetic approaches, which have attracted considerable attention. More importantly, combining the superiorities of polyamides and polyesters, PEAs have emerged with better functions. They could have improved biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cell-material interactions. The PEAs derived from α-amino acids even allow the introduction of pendant sites for further modification or functionalization. Meanwhile, it is gradually recognized that the chemical structures are closely related to the physiochemical and biological properties of PEAs so that their properties can be precisely controlled. PEAs therefore become significant materials in the biomedical fields. This review will attempt to summarize the recent progress in the development of PEAs with respect to the preparation materials and methods, structure-property relationships along with their latest biomedical accomplishments, especially for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
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Kim HT, Hee Ryu M, Jung YJ, Lim S, Song HM, Park J, Hwang SY, Lee H, Yeon YJ, Sung BH, Bornscheuer UT, Park SJ, Joo JC, Oh DX. Chemo-Biological Upcycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) to Multifunctional Coating Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4251-4259. [PMID: 34339110 PMCID: PMC8519047 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-biological upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) developed in this study includes the following key steps: chemo-enzymatic PET depolymerization, biotransformation of terephthalic acid (TPA) into catechol, and its application as a coating agent. Monomeric units were first produced through PET glycolysis into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET), and PET oligomers, and enzymatic hydrolysis of these glycolyzed products using Bacillus subtilis esterase (Bs2Est). Bs2Est efficiently hydrolyzed glycolyzed products into TPA as a key enzyme for chemo-enzymatic depolymerization. Furthermore, catechol solution produced from TPA via a whole-cell biotransformation (Escherichia coli) could be directly used for functional coating on various substrates after simple cell removal from the culture medium without further purification and water-evaporation. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept of a PET upcycling strategy via a combination of chemo-biological conversion of PET waste into multifunctional coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Taek Kim
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Mi Hee Ryu
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Ye Jean Jung
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Sooyoung Lim
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Hye Min Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceGraduate Program in System Health Science & EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Hoe‐Suk Lee
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringGangneung-Wonju National UniversityGangneung-siGangwon-do25457 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Young Joo Yeon
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringGangneung-Wonju National UniversityGangneung-siGangwon-do25457 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon34141 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceGraduate Program in System Health Science & EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon-siGyeonggi-do14662 (Republic ofKorea
| | - Dongyeop X. Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based ChemicalsKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114 & Ulsan 44429 (Republic ofKorea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113 (Republic ofKorea
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He T, Liu T, Huang J, Wang X, He Y, Ma B. Synthesis of alternating semi-aromatic poly(ester amide)s and the amide transesterification. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Methods of synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of biodegradable poly(ester amide)s- A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Purohit SD, Singh H, Bhaskar R, Yadav I, Chou CF, Gupta MK, Mishra NC. Gelatin—alginate—cerium oxide nanocomposite scaffold for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Demarteau J, O'Harra KE, Bara JE, Sardon H. Valorization of Plastic Wastes for the Synthesis of Imidazolium-Based Self-Supported Elastomeric Ionenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3122-3126. [PMID: 32314494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based ionenes are known to be high-performance materials for a great variety of applications. The preparation of these polymers requires the use of bis-imidazole starting monomers, which are commonly prepared by using toxic chloride reagents. In this study, bis-imidazole monomers are synthesized by organocatalytic chemical recycling of discarded plastics through chemical depolymerization. By using poly(ethylene terephthalate) and bisphenol A polycarbonate as starting materials, different monomers containing amide or urea functionalities are prepared to produce high-molecular-weight ionic polymers. These novel ionenes show excellent elastomeric and self-healing behavior, serving as a promising means to expand the exploration of plastic wastes as a source of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kathryn E O'Harra
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Demarteau J, Olazabal I, Jehanno C, Sardon H. Aminolytic upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes using a thermally-stable organocatalyst. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the potential of thermally stable acid-base mixtures for the upcycling of PET in the presence of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian
- Spain
| | - Ion Olazabal
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian
- Spain
| | - Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian
- Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian
- Spain
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Purohit SD, Bhaskar R, Singh H, Yadav I, Gupta MK, Mishra NC. Development of a nanocomposite scaffold of gelatin–alginate–graphene oxide for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:592-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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