1
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Liu Y, McNaughter PD, Liu X, Kretinin AV, Skelton JM, Azough F, Lewis DJ, Freer R. Exceptional Thermoelectric Performance of Cu 2(Zn,Fe,Cd)SnS 4 Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11516-11527. [PMID: 38391145 PMCID: PMC10921374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
High-quality Cu2(Zn,Fe,Cd)SnS4 (CZFCTS) thin films based on the parent CZTS were prepared by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). Substitution of Zn by Fe and Cd significantly improved the electrical transport properties, and monophasic CZFCTS thin films exhibited a maximum power factor (PF) of ∼0.22 μW cm-1 K-2 at 575 K. The quality and performance of the CZFCTS thin films were further improved by postdeposition annealing. CZFCTS thin films annealed for 24 h showed a significantly enhanced maximum PF of ∼2.4 μW cm-1 K-2 at 575 K. This is higher than all reported values for single-phase quaternary sulfide (Cu2BSnS4, B = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) thin films and even exceeds the PF for most polycrystalline bulk materials of these sulfides. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand the impact of Cd and Fe substitution on the electronic properties of CZTS. It was predicted that CZFCTS would have a smaller band gap than CZTS and a higher density of states (DoS) near the Fermi level. The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of the CZFCTS thin films have been evaluated, yielding an estimated maximum zT range of 0.18-0.69 at 550 K. The simple processing route and improved thermoelectric performance make CZFCTS thin films extremely promising for thermoelectric energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Paul D. McNaughter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Andrey V. Kretinin
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Jonathan M. Skelton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Feridoon Azough
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - David J. Lewis
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Robert Freer
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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2
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Liu ZZ, Li KP, Yang XB, Zhang YQ, Xie ZX, Duan ZQ, Zhou B, Hu YM. Selenylation to charge transfer improvement at the counter electrode (CE)/electrolyte interface for nanocrystalline Cu 1.8S 1-xSe x CEs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21157-21164. [PMID: 36039748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pt counter electrodes (CEs) have been widely used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their high conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. However, industrialization of DSSCs is limited by shortcomings of Pt CEs such as being expensive, and weak corrosion resistance in electrolytes. Reported in this paper is two simple approaches to Pt-free Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Nanocrystalline Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs were fabricated via two processes, that is, a solvothermal process to Cu1.8S1-xSex powder followed by CE fabrication, and a solvothermal process and CE fabrication to Cu1.8S films followed by selenylation to Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Photoelectric conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 4.02% and 4.16% were achieved respectively by the as-fabricated Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Compared with the cells with Cu1.8S CEs fabricated by the same processes, increases of 19% and 45% were achieved, respectively. The PCE improvement comes from the enhancement of charge transfer at the CE/electrolyte interface induced by the selenylation of the CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Liu
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - K P Li
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - X B Yang
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Y Q Zhang
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - Z X Xie
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - Z Q Duan
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - B Zhou
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
| | - Y M Hu
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
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3
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Sun M, Yun S, Shi J, Zhang Y, Arshad A, Dang J, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu Z. Designing and Understanding the Outstanding Tri-Iodide Reduction of N-Coordinated Magnetic Metal Modified Defect-Rich Carbon Dodecahedrons in Photovoltaics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102300. [PMID: 34510727 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-coordinated metal-modified carbon is regarded as a novel frontier electrocatalyst in energy conversion devices. However, the construction of intrinsic defects in a carbon matrix remains a great challenge. Herein, N-coordinated magnetic metal (Fe, Co) modified porous carbon dodecahedrons (Fe/Co-NPCD) with a large surface area, rich intrinsic defects, and evenly distributed metal-Nx species are successfully synthesized via the rational design of iron precursor and the bimetallic-organic frameworks. Because of a synergistic effect between N-coordinated dual magnetic metal active sites, the Fe/Co-NPCD exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical stability. A solar cell fabricates with the Fe/Co-NPCD yields an impressive power conversion efficiency of 8.35% in dye-sensitized solar cells, superior to that of mono-metal-doped carbon-based cells and conventional Pt-based cells. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations illustrate that Fe, Co, and N doping are in favor of improving the adsorption capacity of the catalyst for I3 - species by optimizing the magnetic momentum between the magnetic metal atoms, thereby upgrading its catalytic activity. This work develops a general strategy for synthesizing a high-performance defect-rich carbon-based catalyst, and offers valuable insight into the role of magnetic metals in catalysis, which can be used to guide the design of high-performance catalysts in the energy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Sun
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Sining Yun
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University City College, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Asim Arshad
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Jiaoe Dang
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
| | - Zhuolei Liu
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China
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Chen J, Gu A, Miensah ED, Liu Y, Wang P, Mao P, Gong C, Jiao Y, Chen K, Yang Y. Cu-Zn bimetal ZIFs derived nanowhisker zero-valent copper decorated ZnO nanocomposites induced oxygen activation for high-efficiency iodide elimination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126097. [PMID: 34492905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the elimination of iodide anions (I-) by Cu-based adsorbents have been conducted for decades, however its unsatisfactory adsorption performance and its non-reusability are still the main obstacles for large-scale practical applications. Here, an efficient technique was proposed for the elimination of iodide using nanowhisker zero-valent copper (nwZVC) decorated ZnO nanocomposites obtained by two steps pyrolysis of Cu-Zn bimetal ZIFs precursors. The as-synthesized materials were extensively characterized and the results clearly revealed that nanoscale ZVC were well-dispersed in the ZnO matrix, and the morphology and the amount of nanoscale ZVC could be tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of Cu/Zn in ZIF precursors. The following batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the resultant materials exhibited high adsorption capacity of 270.8 mg g-1 under condition of adequate oxygen, as well as high selectivity, strong acidity resistance and an excellent reusability. The mechanism investigations revealed that the elimination of I- by as-fabricated materials involved adsorption process coupled with oxidation, and the existence of nwZVC was responsible for this since nwZVC could activate molecular oxygen to generate H2O2 accompanied by the release of Cu+, thus leading to I- adsorbed by the released Cu+ and oxidized by the H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Aotian Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Elvis Djam Miensah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Chunhui Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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5
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Core-shell ZnO@Cu2O encapsulated Ag NPs nanocomposites for photooxidation-adsorption of iodide anions under visible light. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Silver-decorated ZIF-8 derived ZnO concave nanocubes for efficient photooxidation-adsorption of iodide anions: An in-depth experimental and theoretical investigation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Synthesis of highly efficient Cu2ZnSnSxSe4−x (CZTSSe) nanosheet electrocatalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Digraskar R, Sapner VS, Mali SM, Narwade SS, Ghule AV, Sathe BR. CZTS Decorated on Graphene Oxide as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for High-Performance Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7650-7657. [PMID: 31459857 PMCID: PMC6648106 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) was synthesized by the sonochemical method using 2-methoxyethanol as the solvent and subsequently decorated onto graphene oxide (GO synthesized by the modified Hummers' method) using two different approaches such as in situ growth and ex situ synthesis followed by deposition. Preliminary characterizations indicated that the synthesized CZTS belongs to the kesterite structure with a sphere-like morphology. The in situ-synthesized CZTS/GO (I-CZTS/GO) composite is used as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which revealed superior electrocatalytic activity with a reduced overpotential (39.3 mV at 2 mA cm-2), Tafel slope (70 mV dec-1), a larger exchange current density of 908 mA cm-2, and charge transfer resistance (5 Ω), significantly different from pure CZTS. Besides, the I-CZTS/GO composite exhibits highest HER performance with high current stability of which shows no noticeable degradation after i-t amperometry. The catalytic activity demonstrates that the I-CZTS/GO composite could be a promising electrocatalyst in hydrogen production from their cooperative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka
V. Digraskar
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay S. Sapner
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivsharan M. Mali
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankar S. Narwade
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil V. Ghule
- Department
of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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Sun P, Tian L, Zuo Z, Chen Z, Huang N, Sun Y, Sun X. Low‐Crystalline NiS Hybridized with BiOCl Nanosheet as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Sun
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Liangyu Tian
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Zhuang Zuo
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Niu Huang
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Yihua Sun
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy MicrogridCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Equipment of Three Gorges RegionKey laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materialsChina Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 China
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Element substitution of kesterite Cu 2ZnSnS 4 for efficient counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8714. [PMID: 29880870 PMCID: PMC5992223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cost-effective counter electrode (CE) materials is a key issue for practical applications of photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion. Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has been recognized as a potential CE material, but its electrocatalytic activity is still insufficient for the recovery of I-/I3- electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, we attempt to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of kesterite CZTS through element substitution of Zn2+ by Co2+ and Ni2+ cations, considering their high catalytic activity, as well as their similar atomic radius and electron configuration with Zn2+. The Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) and Cu2NiSnS4 (CNTS) CEs exhibit smaller charge-transfer resistance and reasonable power conversion efficiency (PCE) (CCTS, 8.3%; CNTS, 8.2%), comparable to that of Pt (8.3%). In contrast, the CZTS-based DSSCs only generate a PCE of 7.9%. Density functional theory calculation indicate that the enhanced catalytic performance is associated to the adsorption and desorption energy of iodine atom on the Co2+ and Ni2+. In addition, the stability of CCTS and CNTS CEs toward electrolyte is also significantly improved as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterizations. These results thus suggest the effectiveness of the element substitution strategy for developing high-performance CE from the developed materials, particularly for multicomponent compounds.
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Zhang J, Lou Y, Liu M, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Shi L, Li D, Yuan S. High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Colloid-Solution Deposition Planarized Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15697-15703. [PMID: 29637766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmittance and conductivity of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glasses are the critical factors limiting the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Here, the transmittance and conductivity of commercial FTO glasses were improved via a colloid-solution deposition planarization (CSDP) process. The process includes two steps. First, the FTO nanocrystal colloid was deposited on the FTO glasses by spin-coating. Secondly, the coated glasses were treated by FTO precursor solution. Compared to the bare FTO glasses, the modified FTO glasses by the CSDP process achieved 4% increase in transmittance (at 550 nm) and 11% decrease in sheet resistance, respectively. In addition, the modified FTO glasses can reduce the aggregation of Pt nanoparticles and improve the electrocatalytic activity of Pt counter electrodes. When the modified FTO glasses were used to assemble DSSCs, the cells got a photoelectric conversion efficiency as high as 9.37%. In contrast, the efficiency of reference cells using bare FTO substrates was about 8.24%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyin Zhang
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Hualan Zhou
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Zhuyi Wang
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Liyi Shi
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Division of Energy & Environment Research, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai 200444 , China
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