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Delgà-Fernández M, Toral-Lopez A, Guimerà-Brunet A, Pérez-Marín AP, Marin EG, Godoy A, Garrido JA, Del Corro E. Interfacial Phenomena Governing Performance of Graphene Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolyte. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:11376-11384. [PMID: 39231528 PMCID: PMC11421073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
There is evidence of the presence of intercalated water between graphene and the substrate in electronic devices. However, a proper understanding of the impact of this phenomenon, which causes important limitations for the optimization of graphene-based devices operating in aqueous electrolytes, is missing. We used graphene-based electrodes on insulating and conducting substrates to evaluate the impact of intercalated water by combining experimental techniques with numerical simulations. Results show that the capacitance of the conductive substrate/graphene electrodes is significantly higher than that of the insulating substrate/graphene ones. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that graphene charge modulation with the applied potential is independent of the substrate conductivity. We found that this intriguing behavior is influenced by the water intercalation phenomena and governed by the substrate conductive nature. This work contributes to the understanding of the electric response of graphene-based devices in an aqueous environment and of the methods to measure and model it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Delgà-Fernández
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alejandro Toral-Lopez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Esfera UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Pablo Pérez-Marín
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enrique G Marin
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Godoy
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Del Corro
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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2
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Villarreal R, Zarkua Z, Kretschmer S, Hendriks V, Hillen J, Tsai HC, Junge F, Nissen M, Saha T, Achilli S, Hofsäss HC, Martins M, De Ninno G, Lacovig P, Lizzit S, Di Santo G, Petaccia L, De Feyter S, De Gendt S, Brems S, Van de Vondel J, Krasheninnikov AV, Pereira LMC. Achieving High Substitutional Incorporation in Mn-Doped Graphene. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17815-17825. [PMID: 38938181 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite its broad potential applications, substitution of carbon by transition metal atoms in graphene has so far been explored only to a limited extent. We report the realization of substitutional Mn doping of graphene to a record high atomic concentration of 0.5%, which was achieved using ultralow-energy ion implantation. By correlating the experimental data with the results of ab initio Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics calculations, we infer that direct substitution is the dominant mechanism of impurity incorporation. Thermal annealing in ultrahigh vacuum provides efficient removal of surface contaminants and additional implantation-induced disorder, resulting in Mn-doped graphene that, aside from the substitutional Mn impurities, is essentially as clean and defect-free as the as-grown layer. We further show that the Dirac character of graphene is preserved upon substitutional Mn doping, even in this high concentration regime, making this system ideal for studying the interaction between Dirac conduction electrons and localized magnetic moments. More generally, these results show that ultralow energy ion implantation can be used for controlled functionalization of graphene with substitutional transition-metal atoms, of relevance for a wide range of applications, from magnetism and spintronics to single-atom catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zviadi Zarkua
- Quantum Solid State Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Vince Hendriks
- Quantum Solid State Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Jonas Hillen
- Quantum Solid State Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Hung Chieh Tsai
- Imec Vzw (Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum), Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Felix Junge
- II. Institute of Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Matz Nissen
- Institut fur̈ Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Tanusree Saha
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, Ajdovščina SI-5270, Slovenia
| | - Simona Achilli
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Hans C Hofsäss
- II. Institute of Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Michael Martins
- Institut fur̈ Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Giovanni De Ninno
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, Ajdovščina SI-5270, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Silvano Lizzit
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Santo
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Luca Petaccia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Imec Vzw (Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum), Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Steven Brems
- Imec Vzw (Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum), Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | | | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
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3
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Wang S, Liu X, Zhou P. The Road for 2D Semiconductors in the Silicon Age. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106886. [PMID: 34741478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Continued reduction in transistor size can improve the performance of silicon integrated circuits (ICs). However, as Moore's law approaches physical limits, high-performance growth in silicon ICs becomes unsustainable, due to challenges of scaling, energy efficiency, and memory limitations. The ultrathin layers, diverse band structures, unique electronic properties, and silicon-compatible processes of 2D materials create the potential to consistently drive advanced performance in ICs. Here, the potential of fusing 2D materials with silicon ICs to minimize the challenges in silicon ICs, and to create technologies beyond the von Neumann architecture, is presented, and the killer applications for 2D materials in logic and memory devices to ease scaling, energy efficiency bottlenecks, and memory dilemmas encountered in silicon ICs are discussed. The fusion of 2D materials allows the creation of all-in-one perception, memory, and computation technologies beyond the von Neumann architecture to enhance system efficiency and remove computing power bottlenecks. Progress on the 2D ICs demonstration is summarized, as well as the technical hurdles it faces in terms of wafer-scale heterostructure growth, transfer, and compatible integration with silicon ICs. Finally, the promising pathways and obstacles to the technological advances in ICs due to the integration of 2D materials with silicon are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyuan Wang
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoxian Liu
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Shanghai Frontier Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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4
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Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Fan C, Liu X. Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100771. [PMID: 34928026 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-atom-thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large-area and uniform films with high-quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based-electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom-up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well-defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as-grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer-related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer-free approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Langston X, Whitener KE. Graphene Transfer: A Physical Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2837. [PMID: 34835602 PMCID: PMC8625831 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, synthesized either epitaxially on silicon carbide or via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a transition metal, is gathering an increasing amount of interest from industrial and commercial ventures due to its remarkable electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as the ease with which it can be incorporated into devices. To exploit these superlative properties, it is generally necessary to transfer graphene from its conductive growth substrate to a more appropriate target substrate. In this review, we analyze the literature describing graphene transfer methods developed over the last decade. We present a simple physical model of the adhesion of graphene to its substrate, and we use this model to organize the various graphene transfer techniques by how they tackle the problem of modulating the adhesion energy between graphene and its substrate. We consider the challenges inherent in both delamination of graphene from its original substrate as well as relamination of graphene onto its target substrate, and we show how our simple model can rationalize various transfer strategies to mitigate these challenges and overcome the introduction of impurities and defects into the graphene. Our analysis of graphene transfer strategies concludes with a suggestion of possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E. Whitener
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
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6
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Lukose R, Lisker M, Akhtar F, Fraschke M, Grabolla T, Mai A, Lukosius M. Influence of plasma treatment on SiO 2/Si and Si 3N 4/Si substrates for large-scale transfer of graphene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13111. [PMID: 34162923 PMCID: PMC8222355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limiting factors of graphene integration into electronic, photonic, or sensing devices is the unavailability of large-scale graphene directly grown on the isolators. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer graphene from the donor growth wafers onto the isolating target wafers. In the present research, graphene was transferred from the chemical vapor deposited 200 mm Germanium/Silicon (Ge/Si) wafers onto isolating (SiO2/Si and Si3N4/Si) wafers by electrochemical delamination procedure, employing poly(methylmethacrylate) as an intermediate support layer. In order to influence the adhesion properties of graphene, the wettability properties of the target substrates were investigated in this study. To increase the adhesion of the graphene on the isolating surfaces, they were pre-treated with oxygen plasma prior the transfer process of graphene. The wetting contact angle measurements revealed the increase of the hydrophilicity after surface interaction with oxygen plasma, leading to improved adhesion of the graphene on 200 mm target wafers and possible proof-of-concept development of graphene-based devices in standard Si technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lukose
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
| | - M Lisker
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.,Technical University of Applied Science Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - F Akhtar
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - M Fraschke
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - T Grabolla
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - A Mai
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.,Technical University of Applied Science Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - M Lukosius
- IHP- Leibniz Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
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7
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Liu C, Guo J, Yu L, Li J, Zhang M, Li H, Shi Y, Dai D. Silicon/2D-material photodetectors: from near-infrared to mid-infrared. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:123. [PMID: 34108443 PMCID: PMC8190178 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been used widely in constructing photodetectors (PDs) because of their advantages in flexible integration and ultrabroad operation wavelength range. Specifically, 2DM PDs on silicon have attracted much attention because silicon microelectronics and silicon photonics have been developed successfully for many applications. 2DM PDs meet the imperious demand of silicon photonics on low-cost, high-performance, and broadband photodetection. In this work, a review is given for the recent progresses of Si/2DM PDs working in the wavelength band from near-infrared to mid-infrared, which are attractive for many applications. The operation mechanisms and the device configurations are summarized in the first part. The waveguide-integrated PDs and the surface-illuminated PDs are then reviewed in details, respectively. The discussion and outlook for 2DM PDs on silicon are finally given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingshu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Laiwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaocheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Daoxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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8
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Mercado E, Anaya J, Kuball M. Impact of Polymer Residue Level on the In-Plane Thermal Conductivity of Suspended Large-Area Graphene Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17910-17919. [PMID: 33844921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polymer transfer residues on graphene surfaces is a major bottleneck to overcome for the commercial and industrial viability of devices incorporating graphene layers. In particular, how clean the surface must be to recover high (>2500 W/mK) thermal conductivity and maximize the heat spreading capability of graphene for thermal management applications remains unclear. Here, we present the first systematic study of the impact of different levels of polymer residues on the in-plane thermal conductivity (κr) of single-layer graphene (SLG) fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Control over the quantity of surface residue was achieved by varying the length of time each sample was rinsed in toluene to remove the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) support layer. The level of residue contamination was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical characterization. The thermal conductivity of the suspended SLG was measured using an optothermal Raman technique. We observed that the presence of polymer surface residue has a significant impact on the thermal properties of SLG, with the most heavily contaminated sample exhibiting a κr as low as (905 +155/-100) W/mK. Even without complete eradication of surface residues, a thermal conductivity as high as (3100 +1400/-900) W/mK was recovered, where the separation between adjacent clusters was sufficiently large (>700 nm). The proportion of the SLG surface covered by residues and the mean separation distance between clusters were found to be key factors in determining the level of κr suppression. This work has important implications for future large-scale graphene fabrication and transfer, particularly where graphene is to be used as a heat spreading layer in devices. The possibility of new opportunities for manipulation of the thermal properties of SLG via PMMA nanopatterning is also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Mercado
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability (CDTR), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Anaya
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability (CDTR), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Kuball
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability (CDTR), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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9
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Wu S, He F, Xie G, Bian Z, Ren Y, Liu X, Yang H, Guo D, Zhang L, Wen S, Luo J. Super-Slippery Degraded Black Phosphorus/Silicon Dioxide Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7717-7726. [PMID: 31944101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interfaces between two-dimensional (2D) materials and the silicon dioxide (SiO2)/silicon (Si) substrate, generally considered as a solid-solid mechanical contact, have been especially emphasized for the structure design and the property optimization in microsystems and nanoengineering. The basic understanding of the interfacial structure and dynamics for 2D material-based systems still remains one of the inevitable challenges ahead. Here, an interfacial mobile water layer is indicated to insert into the interface of the degraded black phosphorus (BP) flake and the SiO2/Si substrate owing to the induced hydroxyl groups during the ambient degradation. A super-slippery degraded BP/SiO2 interface was observed with the interfacial shear stress (ISS) experimentally evaluated as low as 0.029 ± 0.004 MPa, being comparable to the ISS values of incommensurate rigid crystalline contacts. In-depth investigation of the interfacial structure through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling revealed that the interfacial liquid water was responsible for the super-slippery BP/SiO2 interface with extremely low shear stress. This finding clarifies the strong interactions between degraded BP and water molecules, which supports the potential wider applications of the few-layer BP nanomaterial in biological lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Guoxin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhengliang Bian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shizhu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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10
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Luo B, Koleini M, Whelan PR, Shivayogimath A, Brandbyge M, Bøggild P, Booth TJ. Graphene-Subgrain-Defined Oxidation of Copper. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48518-48524. [PMID: 31797664 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the crystal structure of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene and the crystal structure of the Cu growth substrate and their mutual effect on the oxidation of the underlying Cu are systematically explored. We report that natural oxygen or water intercalation along the graphene-Cu interface results in an orientation-dependent oxidation rate of the Cu surface, particularly noticeable for bicrystal graphene domains on the same copper grain, suggesting that the relative crystal orientation of subgrains determines the degree of Cu oxidation. Atomistic force field calculations support these observations, showing that graphene domains have preferential alignment with the Cu(111) with a smaller average height above the global Cu surface as compared to intermediate orientations, and that this is the origin of the heterogeneous oxidation rate of Cu. This work demonstrates that the natural oxidation resistance of Cu coated by graphene is highly dependent on the crystal orientation and lattice alignment of Cu and graphene, which is key information for engineering the interface configuration of the graphene-Cu system for specific functionalities in mechanical, anticorrosion, and electrical applications of CVD-grown graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Luo
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials , Tianjin Normal University , 300387 Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Koleini
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Patrick R Whelan
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Abhay Shivayogimath
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Mads Brandbyge
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Peter Bøggild
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Timothy J Booth
- DTU Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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11
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Graphene and two-dimensional materials for silicon technology. Nature 2019; 573:507-518. [PMID: 31554977 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of silicon semiconductor technology has produced breakthroughs in electronics-from the microprocessor in the late 1960s to early 1970s, to automation, computers and smartphones-by downscaling the physical size of devices and wires to the nanometre regime. Now, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials offer prospects of unprecedented advances in device performance at the atomic limit, and a synergistic combination of 2D materials with silicon chips promises a heterogeneous platform to deliver massively enhanced potential based on silicon technology. Integration is achieved via three-dimensional monolithic construction of multifunctional high-rise 2D silicon chips, enabling enhanced performance by exploiting the vertical direction and the functional diversification of the silicon platform for applications in opto-electronics and sensing. Here we review the opportunities, progress and challenges of integrating atomically thin materials with silicon-based nanosystems, and also consider the prospects for computational and non-computational applications.
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Li Z, Li S, Chen HYT, Gao N, Schouteden K, Qiang X, Zhao J, Brems S, Huyghebaert C, Van Haesendonck C. Strongly Hole-Doped and Highly Decoupled Graphene on Platinum by Water Intercalation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3998-4002. [PMID: 31260314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy experiments under ultrahigh vacuum and low-temperature conditions have been performed on water-intercalated graphene on Pt(111). We find that the confined water layer, with a thickness around 0.35 nm, induces a strong hole doping in graphene, i.e., the Dirac point locates at round 0.64 eV above the Fermi level. This can be explained by the presence of a single "puckered bilayer" of ice-Ih, which has not been experimentally found on bare Pt(111), being confined in between graphene and Pt(111) surface. Moreover, the water intercalation makes graphene highly decoupled from the substrate, allowing us to reveal the intrinsic graphene phonons and double Rydberg series of even and odd symmetry image-potential states. Our work not only demonstrates that the electronic properties of graphene can be tuned by the confined water layer between graphene and the substrate, but also provides a generally applicable method to study the intrinsic properties of graphene as well as of other supported two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, School of Science , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser , Ion and Electron Beams(Dalian University of Technology) , Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser , Ion and Electron Beams(Dalian University of Technology) , Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Koen Schouteden
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , BE-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Xiaoming Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser , Ion and Electron Beams(Dalian University of Technology) , Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser , Ion and Electron Beams(Dalian University of Technology) , Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Steven Brems
- Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec) vzw , Kapeldreef 75 , BE-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cedric Huyghebaert
- Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec) vzw , Kapeldreef 75 , BE-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Chris Van Haesendonck
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , BE-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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Abstract
Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is the best-known method for the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets. Compared to enthalpy, entropy is hardly considered to be a factor in choosing energy-efficient solvents and has not even been verified to be negligible. In this Letter, we explore the entropy contribution in LPE by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the structural flexibility effect in graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Our results show that surface vibration favors the exfoliation of graphene and hBN and destabilizes the reaggregation of nanosheets in water at 300 K, whereas the opposite is found for MoS2. The entropy change is found to be 41%, 48%, and 4% of the enthalpy gain for graphene, hBN, and MoS2 in LPE, respectively, and 64%, 32%, and 56% in reaggregation, which amounts to a step advancement for solvent screening in LPE of 2D materials.
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Wang R, Purdie DG, Fan Y, Massabuau FCP, Braeuninger-Weimer P, Burton OJ, Blume R, Schloegl R, Lombardo A, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S. A Peeling Approach for Integrated Manufacturing of Large Monolayer h-BN Crystals. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2114-2126. [PMID: 30642169 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is the only known material aside from graphite with a structure composed of simple, stable, noncorrugated atomically thin layers. While historically used as a lubricant in powder form, h-BN layers have become particularly attractive as an ultimately thin insulator, barrier, or encapsulant. Practically all emerging electronic and photonic device concepts currently rely on h-BN exfoliated from small bulk crystallites, which limits device dimensions and process scalability. We here focus on a systematic understanding of Pt-catalyzed h-BN crystal formation, in order to address this integration challenge for monolayer h-BN via an integrated chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that enables h-BN crystal domain sizes exceeding 0.5 mm and a merged, continuous layer in a growth time of less than 45 min. The process makes use of commercial, reusable Pt foils and allows a delamination process for easy and clean h-BN layer transfer. We demonstrate sequential pick-up for the assembly of graphene/h-BN heterostructures with atomic layer precision, while minimizing interfacial contamination. The approach can be readily combined with other layered materials and enables the integration of CVD h-BN into high-quality, reliable 2D material device layer stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - David G Purdie
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Ye Fan
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien C-P Massabuau
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Burton
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Blume
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Antonio Lombardo
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
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Dabral A, Lu AKA, Chiappe D, Houssa M, Pourtois G. A systematic study of various 2D materials in the light of defect formation and oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1089-1099. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05665j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic insight into defect formation, oxidation and healing in various 2D materials with relevant impact on electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dabral
- Ku Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
- IMEC
- 3001 leuven
| | | | | | - M. Houssa
- Ku Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
- IMEC
- 3001 leuven
| | - G. Pourtois
- IMEC
- 3001 leuven
- Belgium
- Plasmant
- University of Antwerp
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16
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Verguts K, Coroa J, Huyghebaert C, De Gendt S, Brems S. Graphene delamination using 'electrochemical methods': an ion intercalation effect. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:5515-5521. [PMID: 29512680 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of graphene delamination from a Pt catalyst growth surface with electrochemical methods is studied. After a water intercalation step, an electrochemical graphene delamination process is done with a variety of different electrolytes. It is shown that (hydrogen or oxygen) bubble formation is not the main driving force to decouple graphene from its catalyst growth substrate. Ion intercalation is identified as the primary component for a fast graphene delamination process from its catalytic growth substrate. When the Pt/graphene sample is negatively charged, cations will intercalate, assuming they do not reduce within the electrochemical window of the solvent. This cation intercalation does result in graphene delamination. In the same way, anions intercalate in positively charged Pt/graphene samples when they do not react within the electrochemical window of the solvent. Furthermore, it is shown that applying a potential is sufficient (current is not needed) to induce ion intercalation and, as a result, graphene delamination. These findings open the door to avoid Na+ or K+ contamination introduced during currently described electrochemical graphene delamination. Alternative electrolytes (i.e. ammonium hydroxide and tetraethylammonium hydroxide) are proposed, due to the absence of alkali contaminants and rapid cation intercalation to delaminate graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Verguts
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Imec vzw, Kapeldreef 75, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Coroa
- Imec vzw, Kapeldreef 75, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan De Gendt
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Imec vzw, Kapeldreef 75, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Brems
- Imec vzw, Kapeldreef 75, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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