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Sun Q, Sadhu A, Lie S, Wong LH. Critical Review of Cu-Based Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: From Theoretical Insights to Experimental Validation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402412. [PMID: 38767270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), long-term stability remains the primary barrier to their commercialization. The prospect of enhancing stability by substituting organic transport layers with suitable inorganic compounds, particularly Cu-based inorganic hole-transport materials (HTMs), holds promise due to their high valence band maximum (VBM) aligning with perovskite characteristics. This review assesses the advantages and disadvantages of these five types of Cu-based HTMs. Although Cu-based binary oxides and chalcogenides face narrow bandgap issues, the "chemical modulation of the valence band" (CMVB) strategy has successfully broadened the bandgap for Cu-based ternary oxides and chalcogenides. However, Cu-based ternary oxides encounter challenges with low mobility, and Cu-based ternary chalcogenides face mismatches in VBM alignment with perovskites. Cu-based binary halides, especially CuI, exhibit excellent properties such as wider bandgap, high mobility, and defect tolerance, but their stability remains a concern. These limitations of single anion compounds are insightfully discussed, offering solutions from the perspective of practical application. Future research can focus on Cu-based composite anion compounds, which merge the advantages of single anion compounds. Additionally, mixed-cation chalcogenides such as CuxM1-xS enable the customization of HTM properties by selecting and adjusting the proportions of cation M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Anupam Sadhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Stener Lie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lydia Helena Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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2
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Jamshidi M, Gardner JM. Copper(I) Iodide Thin Films: Deposition Methods and Hole-Transporting Performance. Molecules 2024; 29:1723. [PMID: 38675543 PMCID: PMC11052123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of p-type semiconductors has garnered considerable attention in academia and industry. Among the potential candidates, copper iodide (CuI) stands out as a highly promising p-type material due to its conductivity, cost-effectiveness, and low environmental impact. CuI can be employed to create thin films with >80% transparency within the visible range (400-750 nm) and utilizing various low-temperature, scalable deposition techniques. This review summarizes the deposition techniques for CuI as a hole-transport material and their performance in perovskite solar cells, thin-film transistors, and light-emitting diodes using diverse processing methods. The preparation methods of making thin films are divided into two categories: wet and neat methods. The advancements in CuI as a hole-transporting material and interface engineering techniques hold promising implications for the continued development of such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Jamshidi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Xing Z, Ou B, Sun H, Di H, Jin Y, Xiong Y, Liao F, Zhao Y. Effects of Chemical Valences of Sulfur on the Performance of CsFAMA Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20912-20919. [PMID: 37332778 PMCID: PMC10269242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The low electrical conductivity and the high surface defect density of the TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) limit the quality of the following perovskite (PVK) layers and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of corresponding perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Sulfur was reported as an effective element to passivate the TiO2 layer and improve the PCE of PSCs. In this work, we further investigate the effect of chemical valences of sulfur on the performance of TiO2/PVK interfaces, CsFAMA PVK layers, and solar cells using TiO2 ETL layers treated with Na2S, Na2S2O3, and Na2SO4, respectively. Experimental results show that the Na2S and Na2S2O3 interfacial layers can enlarge the grain size of PVK layers, reduce the defect density at the TiO2/PVK interface, and improve the device efficiency and stability. Meanwhile, the Na2SO4 interfacial layer leads to a smaller perovskite grain size and a slightly degraded TiO2/PVK interface and device performance. These results indicate that S2- can obviously improve the quality of TiO2 and PVK layers and TiO2/PVK interfaces, while SO42- has little effects, even negative effects, on PSCs. This work can deepen the understanding of the interaction between sulfur and the PVK layer and may inspire further progress in the surface passivation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Xing
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Bing Ou
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua
University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Haipeng Di
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Yingrong Jin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua
University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Feiyi Liao
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering
Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
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4
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Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: material science. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Thermally Evaporated Copper Iodide Hole-Transporter for Stable CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142507. [PMID: 35889734 PMCID: PMC9315675 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on fabricating efficient CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with thermally evaporated cuprous iodide (CuI) as hole-transporting material (HTM) by replacing Cu back contact in conventional CdS/CdTe solar cells to avoid Cu diffusion. In this study, a simple thermal evaporation method was used for the CuI deposition. The current-voltage characteristic of devices with CuI films of thickness 5 nm to 30 nm was examined under illuminations of 100 mW/cm2 (1 sun) with an Air Mass (AM) of 1.5 filter. A CdS/CdTe solar cell device with thermally evaporated CuI/Au showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.92% with JSC, VOC, and FF of 21.98 mA/cm2, 0.64 V, and 0.49 under optimized fabrication conditions. Moreover, stability studies show that fabricated CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with CuI hole-transporters have better stability than CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with Cu/Au back contacts. The significant increase in FF and, hence, PCE, and the stability of CdS/CdTe solar cells with CuI, reveals that Cu diffusion could be avoided by replacing Cu with CuI, which provides good band alignment with CdTe, as confirmed by XPS. Such an electronic band structure alignment allows smooth hole transport from CdTe to CuI, which acts as an electron reflector. Hence, CuI is a promising alternative stable hole-transporter for CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells that increases the PCE and stability.
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6
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High-Efficiency Electron Transport Layer-Free Perovskite/GeTe Tandem Solar Cell: Numerical Simulation. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of recent research has been to achieve a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) with stable characteristics, either through experimental studies or through modeling and simulation. In this study, a theoretical analysis of an efficient perovskite solar cell (PSC) with cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as the hole transport material (HTM) and zinc oxysulfide (ZnOS) as the electron transport material (ETM) was proposed to replace the traditional HTMs or ETMs. In addition, the impact of doping the perovskite layer was investigated. The results show that the heterostructure of n-p PSC without an electron transport layer (ETL) could replace the traditional n-i-p structure with better performance metrics and more stability due to reducing the number of layers and interfaces. The impact of HTM doping and thickness was investigated. In addition, the influence of the energy gap of the absorber layer was studied. Furthermore, the proposed PSC without ETL was used as a top sub-cell with germanium-telluride (GeTe) as a bottom sub-cell to produce an efficient tandem cell and boost the PCE. An ETL-free PSC/GeTe tandem cell is proposed for the first time to provide an efficient and stable tandem solar cell with a PCE of 45.99%. Finally, a comparison between the performance metrics of the proposed tandem solar cell and those of other recent studies is provided. All the simulations performed in this study are accomplished by using SCAPS-1D.
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7
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Xiao B, Li X, Yi Z, Luo Y, Jiang Q, Yang J. High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with a Reduced Energy Barrier and Enhanced Charge Extraction via a Na 2WO 4-Modified SnO 2 Electron Transport Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7962-7971. [PMID: 35119820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tin oxide (SnO2) has been commonly used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in planar perovskite solar cells (p-PSCs) because it can be prepared by a low-temperature solution-processed method. However, the device performance has been restricted due to the limited electrical performance of SnO2 and its mismatched energy level alignment with the perovskite absorber. Considering these problems, sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) has been employed to modify the SnO2 ETL. The conduction band minimum of SnO2 increases and the defects at the ETL/perovskite interface decrease by the modification of the SnO2 ETL with Na2WO4, thus reducing the energy barrier between the ETL and perovskite. In addition, the electron extraction ability has been enhanced and the interface recombination between the ETL and perovskite has also been inhibited. As a result, the photovoltaic performance of p-PSCs based on the modified ETL has been improved, and a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.16% has been achieved compared with the control device of 17.30% with an open circuit voltage increased from 1.075 to 1.162 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Zijun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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8
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A Review of Recent Developments in Preparation Methods for Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid development in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has led to significant research interest due to their notable photovoltaic performance, currently exceeding 25% power conversion efficiency for small-area PSCs. The materials used to fabricate PSCs dominate the current photovoltaic market, especially with the rapid increase in efficiency and performance. The present work reviews recent developments in PSCs’ preparation and fabrication methods, the associated advantages and disadvantages, and methods for improving the efficiency of large-area perovskite films for commercial application. The work is structured in three parts. First is a brief overview of large-area PSCs, followed by a discussion of the preparation methods and methods to improve PSC efficiency, quality, and stability. Envisioned future perspectives on the synthesis and commercialization of large-area PSCs are discussed last. Most of the growth in commercial PSC applications is likely to be in building integrated photovoltaics and electric vehicle battery charging solutions. This review concludes that blade coating, slot-die coating, and ink-jet printing carry the highest potential for the scalable manufacture of large-area PSCs with moderate-to-high PCEs. More research and development are key to improving PSC stability and, in the long-term, closing the chasm in lifespan between PSCs and conventional photovoltaic cells.
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9
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Xiao B, Tan Y, Yi Z, Luo Y, Jiang Q, Yang J. Band Matching Strategy for All-Inorganic Cs 2AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells with High Photovoltage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37027-37034. [PMID: 34323074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The lead-free double perovskite has been proven to be one of the promising alternatives to solve the stability and toxicity problems of lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Here, high-quality Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite films with large grains and smooth surface have been prepared through a sequential-vapor-deposition method, and a low-cost and eco-friendly Cu2O film with a suitable energy level and good electrical properties was prepared as an efficient hole transport layer by vacuum vapor deposition for the first time. The Cu2O-based devices achieve a champion power conversion efficiency increasing from 1.03 to 1.52% and an enhancement of photovoltage from 1.083 to 1.198 V compared with their organic counterparts. More importantly, the Cu2O-based devices have excellent stability; they maintained the initial 96% efficiency under environmental conditions after 33 days of unpackaged storage. These results also point out the direction for the further development of these new promising perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zijun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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10
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Liu A, Zhu H, Kim M, Kim J, Noh Y. Engineering Copper Iodide (CuI) for Multifunctional p-Type Transparent Semiconductors and Conductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100546. [PMID: 34306982 PMCID: PMC8292905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing transparent p-type semiconductors and conductors has attracted significant interest in both academia and industry because metal oxides only show efficient n-type characteristics at room temperature. Among the different candidates, copper iodide (CuI) is one of the most promising p-type materials because of its widely adjustable conductivity from transparent electrodes to semiconducting layers in transistors. CuI can form thin films with high transparency in the visible light region using various low-temperature deposition techniques. This progress report aims to provide a basic understanding of CuI-based materials and recent progress in the development of various devices. The first section provides a brief introduction to CuI with respect to electronic structure, defect states, charge transport physics, and overviews the CuI film deposition methods. The material design concepts through doping/alloying approaches to adjust the optoelectrical properties are also discussed in the first section. The following section presents recent advances in state-of-the-art CuI-based devices, including transparent electrodes, thermoelectric devices, p-n diodes, p-channel transistors, light emitting diodes, and solar cells. In conclusion, current challenges and perspective opportunities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Myung‐Gil Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Materials Research Center for Element StrategyTokyo Institute of TechnologyMailbox SE‐6, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐kuYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Yong‐Young Noh
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
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11
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Li W, Wang D, Hou W, Li R, Sun W, Wu J, Lan Z. High-Efficiency, Low-Hysteresis Planar Perovskite Solar Cells by Inserting the NaBr Interlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20251-20259. [PMID: 33902287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With great research potential, the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been well developed in recent years, but there are still some urgent issues like efficiency and hysteresis defects that severely limit their commercialization. Interface modification is a significant measure to reduce defects and promote performance. In the article, an easy and effective strategy of modifying the electron transport layer (ETL) with NaBr is proposed to improve efficiency and reduce hysteresis. The charge carrier dynamics can be greatly optimized by diffusing NaBr on the ETL. The efficiency of the NaBr coated device can achieve 21.16%, which is extremely higher than the control one and shows low hysteresis behavior with a hysteresis index reduced from 0.135 to 0.025. The results indicate that the NaBr modification provides a novel strategy for preparing PSCs with high efficiency and low hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Deng Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Hou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Ruoshui Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Weihai Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Lan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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12
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K+ doping effect on grain boundary passivation and photoelectronics properties of NiOx/perovskite films. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Sun H, Xie D, Song Z, Liang C, Xu L, Qu X, Yao Y, Li D, Zhai H, Zheng K, Cui C, Zhao Y. Interface Defects Passivation and Conductivity Improvement in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Using Na 2S-Doped Compact TiO 2 Electron Transport Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22853-22861. [PMID: 32337968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous trap states and low conductivity of compact TiO2 layers are major obstacles for achieving high power conversion efficiency and high-stability perovskite solar cells. Here we report an effective Na2S-doped TiO2 layer, which can improve the conductivity of TiO2 layers, the contact of the TiO2/perovskite interface, and the crystallinity of perovskite layers. Comprehensive investigations demonstrate that Na cations increase the conductivity of TiO2 layers while S anions change the wettability of TiO2 layers, thus improving the crystallinity of perovskite layers and passivate defects at the TiO2/PVK interface. The synergetic effects of dopants lead to a champion efficiency as high as 21.25% in unencapsulated perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with much-improved stability. Our work provides new insights on anion dopants in TiO2 layers, which is usually neglected in previous reports, and also proposes a simple approach to produce low-cost and high-performance electron transport layers for high-performance PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Danyan Xie
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhen Song
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Chuanhui Liang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Lingbo Xu
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xianlin Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Deng Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Hang Zhai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Can Cui
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
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14
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Zhang M, Zhou W, Hu W, Li B, Qiao Q, Yang S. Modifying Mesoporous TiO 2 by Ammonium Sulfonate Boosts Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12696-12705. [PMID: 32093473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous-structure perovskite solar cells (meso-PVKSCs) have been widely utilized due to the achieved high efficiency for which the TiO2 layer usually suffers from sufficient electron trap states, low electron mobility, and inavoidable catalytic activity. Herein, a mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) layer is modified by tetraethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (abbreviated as TEATS) for the first time, leading to a significant photoelectric conversion efficiency enhancement from 19.14 to 20.69% for Cs0.05MA0.12FA0.83PbI2.55Br0.45 (abbreviated as CsMAFA) meso-PVKSCs. In particular, the obtained champion open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 1.18 V, which is a record high value for meso-PVKSCs with CsMAFA triple cation mixed perovskite. A series of measurements were employed to investigate the influences of TEATS modification on the energy band structures of TiO2 as well as the CsMAFA perovskite layer atop, unveiling that TEATS modification benefits defect passivation of the TiO2 film along with a decrease in the work function of TiO2. Besides, TEATS modification helps to improve the wettability of perovskite precursors on the m-TiO2 substrate, affording improved film quality of perovskite with enhanced crystallinity and grain size. Consequently, the trap states existed in the perovskite film can be passivated, and the interfacial charge recombination is suppressed. This further benefits the improvement of the ambient stability of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanpei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bairu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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15
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Li X, Tan Y, Lai H, Li S, Chen Y, Li S, Xu P, Yang J. All-Inorganic CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Solar Cells with 10.45% Efficiency by Evaporation-Assisted Deposition and Setting Intermediate Energy Levels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29746-29752. [PMID: 31361115 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite is emerging as a promising candidate as a light-absorbing layer in photovoltaic devices due to its excellent photoelectric property and superior stability under humidity and thermal attacks in comparison with organic cation-based hybrid perovskites. However, the impure perovskite phase and severe interfacial charge recombination have limited the further improvement of device performance. In this work, a vapor-assisted solution technique was introduced to prepare a high-purity CsPbBr3 film in a perovskite solar cell (PSC). To further reduce the electron-hole recombination and enhance charge extraction, we introduced the novel intermediate energy level of manganese sulfide (MnS) as a hole transport layer in CsPbBr3 PSC. The as-optimized CsPbBr3 PSC based on all-inorganic transport layers delivers a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.45% in comparison with 8.16% for the device free of an intermediate layer, which is one of the highest PCEs achieved among the CsPbBr3-based PSCs to date. Moreover, the optimized device retained 80% PCE of its initial efficiency over 90 days under 80% relative humidity at 85 °C, indicating an excellent environmental tolerance to boost the commercial application of low-cost, efficient, and stable all-inorganic PSCs.
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16
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Kang DH, Park NG. On the Current-Voltage Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells: Dependence on Perovskite Composition and Methods to Remove Hysteresis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805214. [PMID: 30773704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current-density-voltage (J-V) hysteresis in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a critical issue because it is related to power conversion efficiency and stability. Although parameters affecting the hysteresis have been already reported and reviewed, little investigation is reported on scan-direction-dependent J-V curves depending on perovskite composition. This review investigates J-V hysteric behaviors depending on perovskite composition in normal mesoscopic and planar structure. In addition, methodologies toward hysteresis-free PSCs are proposed. There is a specific trend in hysteresis in terms of J-V curve shape depending on composition. Ion migration combined with nonradiative recombination near interfaces plays a critical role in generating hysteresis. Interfacial engineering is found to be an effective method to reduce the hysteresis; however, bulk defect engineering is the most promising method to remove the hysteresis. Among the studied methods, KI doping is proved to be a universal approach toward hysteresis-free PSCs regardless of perovskite composition. It is proposed from the current studies that engineering of perovskite film near the electron transporting layer (ETL) and the hole transporting layer (HTL) is of vital importance for achieving hysteresis-free PSCs and extremely high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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17
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Samu GF, Scheidt RA, Balog Á, Janáky C, Kamat PV. Tuning the Excited-State Dynamics of CuI Films with Electrochemical Bias. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2019; 4:702-708. [PMID: 30882041 PMCID: PMC6413481 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its high hole conductivity and ease of preparation, CuI was among the first inorganic hole-transporting materials that were introduced early on in metal halide perovskite solar cells, but its full potential as a semiconductor material is still to be realized. We have now performed ultrafast spectroelectrochemical experiments on ITO/CuI electrodes to show the effect of applied bias on the excited-state dynamics in CuI. Under operating conditions, the recombination of excitons is dependent on the applied bias, and it can be accelerated by decreasing the potential from +0.6 to -0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl. Prebiasing experiments show the persistent and reversible "memory" effect of electrochemical bias on charge carrier lifetimes. The excitation of CuI in a CuI/CsPbBr3 film provides synergy between both CuI and CsPbBr3 in dictating the charge separation and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely F. Samu
- Radiation
Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence
Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS
Research Institute, Dugonics
Square 13, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Rebecca A. Scheidt
- Radiation
Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ádám Balog
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence
Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence
Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS
Research Institute, Dugonics
Square 13, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Prashant V. Kamat
- Radiation
Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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18
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Enhancement of photovoltaic performance and moisture stability of perovskite solar cells by modification of tin phthalocyanine (SnPc). Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Liu T, Liu Z, Ren J, Zhao Q, He H, Wang N, Song Z, Huang X. Operating temperature and temperature gradient effects on the photovoltaic properties of dye sensitized solar cells assembled with thermoelectric–photoelectric coaxial nanofibers. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Li X, Yang J, Jiang Q, Lai H, Li S, Xin J, Chu W, Hou J. Low-Temperature Solution-Processed ZnSe Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Negligible Hysteresis and Improved Photostability. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5605-5614. [PMID: 29741863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For a typical perovskite solar cell (PKSC), the electron transport layer (ETL) has a great effect on device performance and stability. Herein, we manifest that low-temperature solution-processed ZnSe can be used as a potential ETL for PKSCs. Our optimized device with ZnSe ETL has achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.78% with negligible hysteresis, compared with the TiO2 based cell (13.76%). This enhanced photovoltaic performance is attributed to the suitable band alignment, high electron mobility, and reduced charge accumulation at the interface of ETL/perovskite. Encouraging results were obtained when the thin layer of ZnSe cooperated with TiO2. It shows that the device based on the TiO2/ZnSe ETL with cascade conduction band level can effectively reduce the interfacial charge recombination and promote carrier transfer with the champion PCE of 18.57%. In addition, the ZnSe-based device exhibits a better photostability than the control device due to the greater ultraviolet (UV) light harvesting of the ZnSe layer, which can efficiently prevent the perovskite film from intense UV-light exposure to avoid associated degradation. Consequently, our results present that a promising ETL can be a potential candidate of the n-type ETL for commercialization of efficient and photostable PKSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Junyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- China-Eu Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Shuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Jiwu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Weijing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
| | - Jingdi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 51800 , P. R. China
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21
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Lv Y, Cai B, Ma Q, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang WH. Highly crystalline Nb-doped TiO2 nanospindles as superior electron transporting materials for high-performance planar structured perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20982-20989. [PMID: 35542345 PMCID: PMC9080882 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03559h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar-structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received tremendous attention due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), simple process and low-cost fabrication. A compact thin film of electron transport materials (ETMs) plays a key role in these PSCs. However, the traditional ETMs of PSCs, TiO2 nanoparticulate films, suffer from low conductivity and high trap state density. Herein, we exploited TiO2 nanospindles as a compact ETM in planar PSCs for the first time, and achieved an efficient device with a PCE of 19.1%. By optimization with Nb doping into the TiO2 nanospindles, the PCE of the PSC was further improved up to 20.8%. The carrier transfer and collection efficiency were significantly improved after Nb5+ doping, revealed by Mott–Schottky (MS) analysis, space charge limited current (SCLC), photoluminence (PL), time-resolved photoluminence (TRPL) spectra, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and so forth. Moreover, the hysteresis behavior was effectively inhibited and the stability was significantly enhanced. This work may provide a new avenue towards the rational design of efficient ETMs for perovskite solar cells. Highly crystalline Nb:TiO2 nanospindles have been successfully exploited as efficient ETMs in planar perovskite solar cells, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 20.8%, superior to that of the undoped one (19.1%).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Lv
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Bing Cai
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Qingshan Ma
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Zenghua Wang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Jingyue(Jimmy) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
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