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Cruchade H, Medeiros-Costa IC, Nesterenko N, Gilson JP, Pinard L, Beuque A, Mintova S. Catalytic Routes for Direct Methane Conversion to Hydrocarbons and Hydrogen: Current State and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cruchade
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie (LCS), 14050Caen, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Gilson
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie (LCS), 14050Caen, France
| | - Ludovic Pinard
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie (LCS), 14050Caen, France
| | - Antoine Beuque
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (ICM2P), UMR 7285 CNRS, 86073Poitiers, France
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie (LCS), 14050Caen, France
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2
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Tsuji Y, Yoshida M, Kamachi T, Yoshizawa K. Oxidative Addition of Methane and Reductive Elimination of Ethane and Hydrogen on Surfaces: From Pure Metals to Single Atom Alloys. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18650-18671. [PMID: 36153993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of CH4 to the catalyst surface produces CH3 and H. If the CH3 species generated on the surface couple with each other, reductive elimination of C2H6 may be achieved. Similarly, H's could couple to form H2. This is the outline of nonoxidative coupling of methane (NOCM). It is difficult to achieve this reaction on a typical Pt catalyst surface. This is because methane is overoxidized and coking occurs. In this study, the authors approach this problem from a molecular aspect, relying on organometallic or complex chemistry concepts. Diagrams obtained by extending the concepts of the Walsh diagram to surface reactions are used extensively. C-H bond activation, i.e., oxidative addition, and C-C and H-H bond formation, i.e., reductive elimination, on metal catalyst surfaces are thoroughly discussed from the point of view of orbital theory. The density functional theory method for structural optimization and accurate energy calculations and the extended Hückel method for detailed analysis of crystal orbital changes and interactions play complementary roles. Limitations of monometallic catalysts are noted. Therefore, a rational design of single atom alloy (SAA) catalysts is attempted. As a result, the effectiveness of the Pt1/Au(111) SAA catalyst for NOCM is theoretically proposed. On such an SAA surface, one would expect to find a single Pt monatomic site in a sea of inert Au atoms. This is desirable for both inhibiting overoxidation and promoting reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Masataka Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamachi
- Department of Life, Environment and Applied Chemistry, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Assessment of catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane and ethylene. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Oxidative coupling of methane-comparisons of MnTiO 3-Na 2WO 4 and MnO x-TiO 2-Na 2WO 4 catalysts on different silica supports. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2595. [PMID: 35173240 PMCID: PMC8850452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) converts CH4 to value-added chemicals (C2+), such as olefins and paraffin. For a series of MnTiO3-Na2WO4 (MnTiO3-NW) and MnOx-TiO2-Na2WO4 (Mn-Ti-NW), the effect of loading of MnTiO3 or MnOx-TiO2, respectively, on two different supports (sol-gel SiO2 (SG) and commercial fumed SiO2 (CS)) was examined. The catalyst with the highest C2+ yield (21.6% with 60.8% C2+ selectivity and 35.6% CH4 conversion) was 10 wt% MnTiO3-NW/SG with an olefins/paraffin ratio of 2.2. The catalyst surfaces with low oxygen-binding energies were associated with high CH4 conversion. Stability tests conducted for over 24 h revealed that SG-supported catalysts were more durable than those on CS because the active phase (especially Na2WO4) was more stable in SG than in CS. With the use of SG, the activity of MnTiO3-NW was not substantially different from that of Mn-Ti-NW, especially at high metal loading.
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5
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Liu L, Das S, Zhang Z, Kawi S. Nonoxidative Coupling of Methane over Ceria-Supported Single-Atom Pt Catalysts in DBD Plasma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5363-5375. [PMID: 35072474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-catalytic direct nonoxidative coupling of methane (NCM) into C2 hydrocarbons was investigated over ceria-supported atomically dispersed Pt (Pt/CeO2-SAC) and nanoparticle Pt (Pt/CeO2-NP) catalysts in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. Nonthermal plasma facilitated C-H bond dissociation in CH4 at low temperatures (<150 °C) and atmospheric pressure. The presence of Pt/CeO2 catalysts in plasma further enhanced CH4 conversion and C2 hydrocarbon selectivity by enabling the conversion of vibrationally excited methane species with high internal energy on active Pt sites. Noticeably, the Pt/CeO2-SAC catalyst displayed a more remarkable performance, with a CH4 conversion of 39% and a C2 selectivity of 54% at 54 W. The enhanced CH4 conversion was attributed to abundant coordinatively unsaturated Pt sites in Pt/CeO2-SAC, which were more active for C-H bond scission. Meanwhile, isolated Pt atoms in Pt/CeO2-SAC promoted C2 hydrocarbon formation by hindering the unselective formation of coke from deep dehydrogenation of CHx• intermediates and higher hydrocarbons from oligomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sonali Das
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Sibudjing Kawi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585
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6
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Oxidative Coupling of Methane for Ethylene Production: Reviewing Kinetic Modelling Approaches, Thermodynamics and Catalysts. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene production via oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) represents an interesting route for natural gas upscaling, being the focus of intensive research worldwide. Here, OCM developments are analysed in terms of kinetic mechanisms and respective applications in chemical reactor models, discussing current challenges and directions for further developments. Furthermore, some thermodynamic aspects of the OCM reactions are also revised, providing achievable olefins yields in a wide range of operational reaction conditions. Finally, OCM catalysts are reviewed in terms of respective catalytic performances and thermal stability, providing an executive summary for future studies on OCM economic feasibility.
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7
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Nguyen TN, Seenivasan K, Nakanowatari S, Mohan P, Tran TPN, Nishimura S, Takahashi K, Taniike T. Factors to influence low-temperature performance of supported Mn–Na2WO4 in oxidative coupling of methane. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Saychu P, Thanasiriruk M, Khajonvittayakul C, Viratikul R, Tongnan V, Hartley M, Wongsakulphasatch S, Laosiripojana N, Hartley U. Catalytic performance of Na-Mn2O3-based catalysts towards oxidative coupling of methane. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Kiani D, Sourav S, Baltrusaitis J, Wachs IE. Elucidating the Effects of Mn Promotion on SiO 2-Supported Na-Promoted Tungsten Oxide Catalysts for Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM). ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Kiani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sagar Sourav
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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10
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Matras D, Vamvakeros A, Jacques SDM, Grosjean N, Rollins B, Poulston S, Stenning GBG, Godini HR, Drnec J, Cernik RJ, Beale AM. Effect of thermal treatment on the stability of Na-Mn-W/SiO 2 catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane. Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:176-196. [PMID: 33645610 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effect of thermal treatment/calcination on the stability and activity of a Na-Mn-W/SiO2 catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane. The catalyst performance and characterisation measurements suggest that the W species are directly involved in the catalyst active site responsible for CH4 conversion. Under operating conditions, the active components, present in the form of a Na-W-O-Mn molten state, are highly mobile and volatile. By varying the parameters of the calcination protocol, it was shown that these molten components can be partially stabilised, resulting in a catalyst with lower activity (due to loss of surface area) but higher stability even for long duration OCM reaction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Matras
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire M13 9PL, UK. and Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Antonios Vamvakeros
- Finden Ltd, Merchant House, 5 East St Helen Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK. and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Simon D M Jacques
- Finden Ltd, Merchant House, 5 East St Helen Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK.
| | - Nicolas Grosjean
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Stephen Poulston
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Gavin B G Stenning
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Hamid R Godini
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. KWT-9, D-10623 Berlin, Germany and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, 38000 France
| | - Robert J Cernik
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK and Finden Ltd, Merchant House, 5 East St Helen Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK. and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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11
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Nguyen TN, Nakanowatari S, Nhat Tran TP, Thakur A, Takahashi L, Takahashi K, Taniike T. Learning Catalyst Design Based on Bias-Free Data Set for Oxidative Coupling of Methane. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nhat Nguyen
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Sunao Nakanowatari
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Thuy Phuong Nhat Tran
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ashutosh Thakur
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Lauren Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Sapporo 060-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Sapporo 060-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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12
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Kidamorn P, Tiyatha W, Chukeaw T, Niamnuy C, Chareonpanich M, Sohn H, Seubsai A. Synthesis of Value-Added Chemicals via Oxidative Coupling of Methanes over Na 2WO 4-TiO 2-MnO x /SiO 2 Catalysts with Alkali or Alkali Earth Oxide Additives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13612-13620. [PMID: 32566826 PMCID: PMC7301378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Na2WO4-TiO2-MnO x /SiO2 (SM) catalysts with alkali (Li, K, Rb, Cs) or alkali earth (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) oxide additives, which were prepared using incipient wetness impregnation, were investigated for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to value-added hydrocarbons (C2+). A screening test that was performed on the catalysts revealed that SM with Sr (SM-Sr) had the highest yield of C2+. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated that the catalysts with a relatively low binding energy of W 4f7/2 facilitated a high CH4 conversion. A combination of crystalline MnTiO3, Mn2O3, α-cristobalite, Na2WO4, and TiO2 phases was identified as an essential component for a remarkable improvement in the activity of the catalysts in the OCM reaction. In attempts to optimize the C2+ yield, 0.25 wt % Sr onto SM-Sr achieved the highest C2+ yield at 22.9% with a 62.5% C2+ selectivity and a 36.6% CH4 conversion. A stability test of the optimal catalyst showed that after 24 h of testing, its activity decreased by 18.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattaradit Kidamorn
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worapinit Tiyatha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanaphat Chukeaw
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chalida Niamnuy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Research
Network of NANOTEC−KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for
Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Metta Chareonpanich
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Research
Network of NANOTEC−KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for
Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiesang Sohn
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Anusorn Seubsai
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Research
Network of NANOTEC−KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for
Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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13
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Hou M, Zhang X, Fu C, Cen W, Chen J. Effects of a Pd/Pt bimetal supported by a γ-Al 2O 3 surface on methane activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4692-4698. [PMID: 32057035 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic removal of methane (CH4) in exhaust emissions of natural gas-fueled vehicles is still a major challenge for automotive manufacturers because of the high CH3-H bond energy and high concentrations of water (H2O). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the adsorption of CH4 and H2O, as well as the activation of CH4, on the surface of a Pd-Pt bimetal supported by γ-Al2O3. These are significant factors for catalytic combustion. Pt addition weakened the bonding of the intermediates and increased the availability of electrons on the surface. Besides this, the γ-Al2O3 surface and Pt were both beneficial for preventing the aggregation of clusters. CH4 and H2O adsorption, as well as the detailed mechanism of CH4 activation on the Pd-Pt/γ-Al2O3 surfaces were simulated. The results showed that a Pt/Pd ratio of three resulted in the best catalytic activity among the different ratios examined in the presence of H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Hou
- College of Engineering, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, P. R. China.
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14
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Kiani D, Sourav S, Wachs IE, Baltrusaitis J. Synthesis and molecular structure of model silica-supported tungsten oxide catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts with only dispersed phase Na–WO4 sites where Na/W < 2 are slightly less active but significantly more C2 selective than the traditional Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts that contain a crystalline phase where Na/W = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Kiani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lehigh University
- Bethlehem
- USA
| | - Sagar Sourav
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lehigh University
- Bethlehem
- USA
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lehigh University
- Bethlehem
- USA
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lehigh University
- Bethlehem
- USA
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15
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Yıldız M. Mesoporous TiO2-rutile supported MnxOy-Na2WO4: Preparation, characterization and catalytic performance in the oxidative coupling of methane. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Hayek NS, Khlief GJ, Horani F, Gazit OM. Effect of reaction conditions on the oxidative coupling of methane over doped MnOx-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Kiani D, Sourav S, Baltrusaitis J, Wachs IE. Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) by SiO2-Supported Tungsten Oxide Catalysts Promoted with Mn and Na. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Kiani
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sagar Sourav
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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