1
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Yang B, Bai H, Li C, Zhang YM, Zhang SXA. Biomimetic Exploration and Reflection on Switchable Coordination and Narrow-Band Electrofluorochromic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407219. [PMID: 39052882 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials and devices with controllable fluorescence properties show great application potential in advanced anticounterfeiting, information storage and display. However, the low color purity caused by the broad emission spectra and underperforming switching time of the existing EFC materials limit their application. Through biomimetic exploration and the study of reversible electrochemical responsive coordination reactions, boron-nitrogen embedded polyaromatics (B,N-PAHs) with narrow-band emission and high color purity have been successfully integrated into EFC systems, which also help to better understand the role of boron in biological activity. The EFC device achieve good performance containing quenching efficiency greater than 90% within short switching time (ton: 0.6 s, toff: 2.4 s), and nearly no performance change after 200 cycles test. Three primary color (red, green, and blue) EFC devices are successfully prepared. In addition, new phenomena are obtained and discussed in this biomimetic exploration of related boron reactions. The success and harvest of this exploration are expected to provide new ideas for optimizing properties and broadening applications of EFC materials. Moreover, it may provide ideas and reference significance for further exploring and understanding the function of boron compounds in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baige Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hengyuan Bai
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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2
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Thi Q, Nguyen QH, Choi YS, Jeon SY, Boudouris BW, Joo Y. Conductive Glassy Nonconjugated Open-Shell Radical Polymer with Organosulfur Backbone for Macroscopic Conductivity. JACS AU 2024; 4:690-696. [PMID: 38425938 PMCID: PMC10900204 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonconjugated organic radicals with an open-shell radical active group exhibit unique functionality due to their radical pendant site. Compared with the previously studied doped conjugated polymers, radical polymers reveal superior processability, stability, and optical properties. Despite the success of organic radical polymer conductors based on the TEMPO radicals, it still requires potential design substitutions to meet the fundamental limits of charge transport in the radical polymer. To do so, we demonstrate that the amorphous, nonconjugated radical polymer with backbone-pendant group interaction and low glass transition temperature enables the macromolecules to have rapid charge transport in the solid state, resulting in conductivity higher than 32 S m-1. This charge transport is due to the formation of the local ordered regime with an energetically favored orientation caused by the strong coupling between the backbone and pendant group, which can significantly modulate the polymer packing with active electronic communications. The nonconjugate nature of the radical polymer maintains an optical transparency up to 98% at a 1.5 μm thick film. Thus, this effort will be a dramatically advanced model in the organic radical community for the creation of next-generation polymer conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen
Vu Thi
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Quynh H. Nguyen
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Choi
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Jeon
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Yongho Joo
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeonbuk 55324, South Korea
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3
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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4
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Kim HJ, Perera K, Liang Z, Bowen B, Mei J, Boudouris BW. Radical Polymer-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:243-250. [PMID: 35574776 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are an emerging platform for bioelectronic applications. Significant effort has been placed in designing advanced polymers that simultaneously transport both charge and ions (i.e., macromolecules that are mixed conductors). However, the considerations for mixed organic conductors are often different from the established principles that are well-known in the solid-state organic electronics field; thus, the discovery of new OECT macromolecular systems is highly desired. Here, we demonstrate a new materials system by blending a radical polymer (i.e., a macromolecule with a nonconjugated backbone and with stable open-shell sites at its pendant group) with a frequently used conjugated polymer. Specifically, poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (PTEO) was blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to create thin films with distinct closed-shell and open-shell domains. Importantly, the sharp and unique oxidation-reduction (redox) potential associated with the radical moieties of the PTEO chain provided a distinct actuation feature to the blended films that modulated the ionic transport of the OECT devices. In turn, this led to controlled regulation of the doping of the P3HT phase in the composite film. By decoupling the ionic and electronic transport into two distinct phases and by using an ion transport phase with well-controlled redox activity, never-before-seen performance for a P3HT-based OECT was observed. That is, at loadings as low as 5% PTEO (by weight) OECTs achieved figure-of-merit (i.e., μC*) values >150 F V-1 cm-1 s-1, which place the performance on the same order as state-of-the-art conjugated polymers despite the relatively common conjugated macromolecular moiety implemented. As such, this effort presents a design platform by which to readily create a tailored OECT response through strategic macromolecular selection and polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brennen Bowen
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Banasz R, Kubicki M, Walesa-Chorab M. Investigation of electrochemistry and electrochromic performance of metallopolymer formed by electropolymerization of Fe(II) complex with triphenylamine-hydrazone ligand. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100780. [PMID: 34978384 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex of Fe(II) ions of general formula [FeL2](BF4)2 with triphenylamine-hydrazone ligand L has been synthesized and characterized. Oxidative electropolymerization of the complex proceeded smoothly on the working electrode producing homogenous thin film of metallopolymer. The film thickness and morphology of the layer was investigated by microscopy techniques such as SEM and AFM, and the composition of the film was confirmed by XPS analysis. It was found that after fifty successive oxidation/reduction cycles the film of thickness 120 nm was formed on the electrode surface. The metallopolymer was also characterized using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical methods. The film was found to change its color from yellow to green-blue, high change in transmittance of 60% at 770 nm and good electrochemical stability during 375 cycles of switching of the potential between -0.1 V and +1.5 V, due to the presence of metal ions that link two ligand molecules resulting in formation of highly cross-linked film. The switching times (coloration and bleaching) were calculated to be 34.2 s and 7.3 s, respectively. Coloration efficiency of the formed film of polymeric complex was found to be 144 cm 2 /C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Banasz
- Adam Mickiewicz University: Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Maciej Kubicki
- Adam Mickiewicz University: Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Monika Walesa-Chorab
- Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, chemistry, uniwersytetu poznanskiego 8, 61614, Poznan, POLAND
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6
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Yeo H, Akkiraju S, Tan Y, Tahir H, Dilley NR, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of a Three-Arm Nonconjugated Open-Shell Macromolecule. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:59-68. [PMID: 36855748 PMCID: PMC9954411 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonconjugated radical polymers (i.e., macromolecules with aliphatic backbones that have stable open-shell sites along their pendant groups) have arisen as an intriguing complement to π-conjugated polymers in organic electronic devices and may prove to have superior properties in magneto-responsive applications. To date, however, the design of nonconjugated radical polymers has primarily focused on linear homopolymer, copolymer, and block polymer motifs even though conjugated dendritic macromolecules (i.e., polyradicals) have shown significant promise in terms of their response under applied magnetic fields. Here, we address this gap in creating a nonconjugated, three-arm radical macromolecule with nitroxide open-shell sites using a straightforward, single-step reaction, and we evaluated the electronic and magnetic properties of this material using a combined computational and experimental approach. The synthetic approach employed resulted in a high-purity macromolecule with a well-defined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, epoxide-based units were implemented in the three-arm radical macromolecule design, and this resulted in a nonlinear radical macromolecule with a low (i.e., below room temperature) glass transition temperature and one that was an amorphous material in the solid state. These properties allowed thin films of the three-arm radical macromolecule to have electrical conductivity values on par with many linear radical polymers previously reported, and our computational efforts suggest the potential of higher generation open-shell dendrimers to achieve advanced electronic and magnetic properties. Importantly, the three-arm radical macromolecule also demonstrated antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between spins at temperatures < 10 K. In this way, this effort puts forward key structure-property relationships in nonlinear radical macromolecules and presents a clear path for the creation of next-generation macromolecules of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Yeo
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hamas Tahir
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Neil R. Dilley
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States,
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7
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Capricho JC, Saubern S, Best SP, Maksimovic J, Gupta A, Juodkazis S, Fox BL, Hameed N. Macroradical enables electrical conduction in epoxy thermoset. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Liu K, Perera K, Wang Z, Mei J, Boudouris BW. Impact of
open‐shell
loading on mass transport and doping in conjugated radical polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangying Liu
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Avenue West Lafayette Indiana USA
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9
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Chi T, Akkiraju S, Liang Z, Tan Y, Kim HJ, Zhao X, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Design of an n-type low glass transition temperature radical polymer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We document the design, synthesis, and characterization of the first low glass transition temperature, n-type (i.e., preferentially-reduced) radical polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
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10
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Lv X, Yang Y, Xu L, Li J, Xu Z, Zhu R, Wright DS, Zhang C. An all-solid-state polymeric electrochromic device based on two well-matched electrodes with fast switching time and excellent cycling stability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Implementation of high-performance electrochromic device based on all-solution-fabricated Prussian blue and tungsten trioxide thin film. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Lv X, Xu X, Zhang Y, Wright DS, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Highly transparent TiO 2 nanowires as charge-balancing layers for assembling electrochromic devices: effect of thickness on electrode potentials and electrochromic performance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:355201. [PMID: 32408277 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanowires with high transparency and good ion storage capacity were explored as the charge-balancing layers for assembling electrochromic devices (ECDs). Increase thickness of TiO2 nanowires layer lowers the driving potential of the entire ECDs accompanied with reduced potential at the EC layer electrode, which further leads to decreased optical contrast and switching speed of the ECDs. Meanwhile, it can be found that the EC layer electrodes possess larger charge densities than those of TiO2 nanowire electrodes during the electrochemical redox process of these ECDs. However, the intrinsic injection and extraction charge densities of each single electrode are similar, which appears that the intrinsic charge balance of EC layer and TiO2 nanowires electrodes play more important role in the cycling stability of the ECDs. ECD with an optimum thickness of the TiO2 nanowires layer exhibits good electrochromic properties in term of high optical contrast (∼45%), fast switching speed (3.23 s) and excellent cycling stability (which has nearly no decay after 5000 cycles). This study explores the effects of thickness of TiO2 Nanowires layer on electrode potentials and electrochromic properties of electrochromic devices (ECDs), providing a potentially new direction for the preparation of ECDs with good integrated performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Hamo Y, Lahav M, Boom ME. Bifunctional Nanoscale Assemblies: Multistate Electrochromics Coupled with Charge Trapping and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Hamo
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Milko E. Boom
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
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15
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Hamo Y, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Bifunctional Nanoscale Assemblies: Multistate Electrochromics Coupled with Charge Trapping and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2612-2617. [PMID: 31696626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate controlled charge trapping and release, accompanied by multiple color changes in a metallo-organic bilayer. The dual functionality of the metallo-organic materials provides fundamental insight into the metal-mediated electron transport pathways. The electrochemical processes are visualized by distinct, four color-to-color transitions: red, transparent, orange, and brown. The bilayer is composed of two elements: 1) a nanoscale gate consisting of a layer of well-defined polypyridyl ruthenium complexes bound to a flexible transparent electrode, and 2) a charge storage layer consisting of isostructural iron complexes attached to the surface of the gate. This gate mediates or blocks electron transport in response to an applied voltage. The charge storage and release depend on the oxidation state of the layer of ruthenium complexes (=gate). Combining electrochemistry with optical data revealed mechanistic information: the brown coloration of the bilayer directly relates to the formation of intermediate ruthenium species, providing evidence for catalytic positive charge release mediated through the gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Hamo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Wang X, Chen K, de Vasconcelos LS, He J, Shin YC, Mei J, Zhao K. Mechanical breathing in organic electrochromics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:211. [PMID: 31924784 PMCID: PMC6954196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The repetitive size change of the electrode over cycles, termed as mechanical breathing, is a crucial issue limiting the quality and lifetime of organic electrochromic devices. The mechanical deformation originates from the electron transport and ion intercalation in the redox active material. The dynamics of the state of charge induces drastic changes of the microstructure and properties of the host, and ultimately leads to structural disintegration at the interfaces. We quantify the breathing strain and the evolution of the mechanical properties of poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) thin films in-situ using customized environmental nanoindentation. Upon oxidation, the film expands nearly 30% in volume, and the elastic modulus and hardness decrease by a factor of two. We perform theoretical modeling to understand thin film delamination from an indium tin oxide (ITO) current collector under cyclic load. We show that toughening the interface with roughened or silica-nanoparticle coated ITO surface significantly improves the cyclic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Jiazhi He
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yung C Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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17
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Yang G, Zhang YM, Cai Y, Yang B, Gu C, Zhang SXA. Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8687-8720. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the design, preparation, performance and application of new and unique nanomaterials for electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Yiru Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Baige Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
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18
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He J, You L, Tran DT, Mei J. Low-Temperature Thermally Annealed Niobium Oxide Thin Films as a Minimally Color Changing Ion Storage Layer in Solution-Processed Polymer Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4169-4177. [PMID: 30608143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of solution-processable ion storage materials, both inorganic and organic, hinders the adoption of roll-to-roll manufacturing for polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs). The n-type transition metal oxides are known for their ion storage properties. However, the fabrication methods of their amorphous metal oxide thin films typically involve sputtering, thermal deposition, electrical deposition, or sol-gel deposition followed by high-temperature thermal annealing (>300 °C), thus making them incompatible for low-cost roll-to-roll manufacturing on flexible substrates. In this study, we report the synthesis of amorphous niobium oxide(a-Nb2O5) thin films from sol-gel precursors through the combination of photoactivation and low-temperature thermal annealing (150 °C). Coupled with p-type electrochromic polymers (ECPs), solution-processed a-Nb2O5 thin films were evaluated as a minimally color changing counter electrode (MCC-CE) material for electrochromic devices. We found that ultraviolet ozone (UVO) treated and 150 °C thermally annealed (UVO-150 °C) a-Nb2O5 thin films show excellent electrochemical properties and cycling stability. Notably, a-Nb2O5/ECP-magenta ECD has a high optical contrast of ∼70% and a fast switching time (bleaching and coloring time of 1.6 and 0.5 s for reaching 95% of optical contrast). In addition, the ECD demonstrates a high coloration efficiency of ∼849.5 mC cm-2 and a long cycling stability without a noticeable decay up to 3000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi He
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Dung T Tran
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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19
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Levasseur D, Mjejri I, Rolland T, Rougier A. Color Tuning by Oxide Addition in PEDOT:PSS-Based Electrochromic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E179. [PMID: 30960163 PMCID: PMC6401723 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedi-oxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives conducting polymers are known for their great electrochromic (EC) properties offering a reversible blue switch under an applied voltage. Characterizations of symmetrical EC devices, built on combinations of PEDOT thin films, deposited with a bar coater from commercial inks, and separated by a lithium-based ionic membrane, show highest performance for 800 nm thickness. Tuning of the color is further achieved by mixing the PEDOT film with oxides. Taking, in particular, the example of optically inactive iron oxide Fe₂O₃, a dark blue to reddish switch, of which intensity depends on the oxide content, is reported. Careful evaluation of the chromaticity parameters L*, a*, and b*, with oxidizing/reducing potentials, evidences a possible monitoring of the bluish tint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphin Levasseur
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux., ICMCB, UMR 5026, Bx INP, F-33600 Pessac, France.
- Aquitaine Sciences Transfert, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Issam Mjejri
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux., ICMCB, UMR 5026, Bx INP, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Thomas Rolland
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux., ICMCB, UMR 5026, Bx INP, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Aline Rougier
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux., ICMCB, UMR 5026, Bx INP, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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20
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Wang S, Li F, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Real-time insight into the doping mechanism of redox-active organic radical polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:69-75. [PMID: 30478451 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers for batteries represent some of the fastest-charging redox active materials available. Electron transport and charge storage must be accompanied by ion transport and doping for charge neutrality, but the nature of this process in organic radical polymers is not well understood. This is difficult to intuitively predict because the pendant radical group distinguishes organic radical polymers from conjugated, charged or polar polymers. Here we show for the first time a quantitative view of in situ ion transport and doping in organic radical polymers during the redox process. Two modes dominate: doping by lithium ion expulsion and doping by anion uptake. The dominance of one mode over the other is controlled by anion type, electrolyte concentration and timescale. These results apply in any scenario in which electrolyte is in contact with a non-conjugated redox active polymer and present a means of quantifying doping effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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