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Hu J, Wang W, Zhou B, Sun J, Chin WS, Lu L. Click Chemistry in Lithium-Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306622. [PMID: 37806765 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered the "holy grail" of the next-generation energy storage systems, and solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are a kind of critical component assembled in LMBs. However, as one of the most important branches of SSEs, polymer-based electrolytes (PEs) possess several native drawbacks including insufficient ionic conductivity and so on. Click chemistry is a simple, efficient, regioselective, and stereoselective synthesis method, which can be used not only for preparing PEs with outstanding physical and chemical performances, but also for optimizing the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and elevate the cycling properties of LMBs effectively. Here it is primarily focused on evaluating the merits of click chemistry, summarizing its existing challenges and outlining its increasing role for the designing and fabrication of advanced PEs. The fundamental requirements for reconstructing artificial SEI layer through click chemistry are also summarized, with the aim to offer a thorough comprehension and provide a strategic guidance for exploring the potentials of click chemistry in the field of LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium based Battery, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Wanhui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Binghua Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Zeolite Membrane Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wee Shong Chin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
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Bauer M, Konnerth P, Radinger H, Pfeifer K, Joshi Y, Bauer F, Ehrenberg H, Scheiba F. Crucial interactions of functional pyrenes with graphite in electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bauer
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Philipp Konnerth
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Hannes Radinger
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Kristina Pfeifer
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yug Joshi
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Frieder Scheiba
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
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Electro-polymerization rates of diazonium salts are dependent on the crystal orientation of the surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:985-994. [PMID: 35839679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electro-polymerization of diazonium salts is widely used for modifying surfaces with thin organic films. Initially this method was primarily applied to carbon, then to metals, and more recently to semiconducting Si. Unlike on other surfaces, electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on Si, which is one of the most industrially dominant material, is not well understood. Here, we report the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on a range of silicon electrodes of different crystal orientations (111, 211, 311, 411, and 100). We show that the kinetics of surface reaction and the reduction potential is Si crystal-facet dependent and is more favorable in the hierarchical order (111) > (211) > (311) > (411) > (100), a finding that offers control over the surface chemistry of diazonium salts on Si. The dependence of the surface reaction kinetics on the crystal orientation was found to be directly related to differences in the potential of zero charge (PZC) of each crystal orientation, which in turn controls the adsorption of the diazonium cations prior to reduction. Another consequence of the effect of PZC on the adsorption of diazonium cations, is that molecules terminated by distal diazonium moieties form a compact film in less time and requires less reduction potentials compared to that formed from diazonium molecules terminated by only one diazo moiety. In addition, at higher concentrations of diazonium cations, the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization on the surface becomes PZC-controlled adsorption-dominated inner-sphere electron transfer while at lower concentrations, diffusion-based outer-sphere electron transfer dominates. These findings help understanding the electro-polymerization reaction of diazonium salts on Si en route towards an integrated molecular and Si electronics technology.
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Bauer M, Pfeifer K, Luo X, Radinger H, Ehrenberg H, Scheiba F. Functionalization of Graphite Electrodes with Aryl Diazonium Salts for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bauer
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kristina Pfeifer
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Xianlin Luo
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Hannes Radinger
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Frieder Scheiba
- Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Downard AJ. Para-Fluoro-Thiol Reaction on Anchor Layers Grafted from an Aryldiazonium Salt: A Tool for Surface Functionalization with Thiols. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11397-11405. [PMID: 34520216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new coupling reaction, the para-fluoro-thiol (PFT) reaction, activated by base at room temperature, is reported for carbon surface functionalization. 4-Nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) and (3-nitrobenzyl)mercaptan (3-NBM) were coupled to pentafluorophenyl (F5-Ph) anchor layers grafted from the aryldiazonium ion formed in situ. The relative yields of the PFT reactions, estimated from the electrochemical responses of coupled nitrophenyl (NP) and nitrobenzyl (NB) groups, depended on the nucleophilicity of the thiolate and the strength of the base. The highest surface concentration (4.6 × 10-10 mol cm-2) was obtained using 3-NBM in the presence of [Bu4N]OH; this concentration corresponds to the maximum that is typically achieved for other high-yielding coupling reactions at aryldiazonium ion anchor layers. The PFT reaction is expected to be applicable to the numerous thiol derivatives commonly restricted to self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation at gold and other noble metals, thereby opening a simple new approach for interface design on carbon substrates. The strategy may also have advantages for modification of gold surfaces: the layer prepared by coupling 3-NBM to F5-Ph films on gold was found to be more stable to storage under ambient conditions than self-assembled monolayers of 3-NBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Liu X, Xu Z, Iqbal A, Chen M, Ali N, Low C, Qi R, Zai J, Qian X. Chemical Coupled PEDOT:PSS/Si Electrode: Suppressed Electrolyte Consumption Enables Long-Term Stability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:54. [PMID: 34138199 PMCID: PMC8187542 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Huge volume changes of Si during lithiation/delithiation lead to regeneration of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and consume electrolyte. In this article, γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GOPS) was incorporated in Si/PEDOT:PSS electrodes to construct a flexible and conductive artificial SEI, effectively suppressing the consumption of electrolyte. The optimized electrode can maintain 1000 mAh g-1 for nearly 800 cycles under limited electrolyte compared with 40 cycles of the electrodes without GOPS. Also, the optimized electrode exhibits excellent rate capability. The use of GOPS greatly improves the interface compatibility between Si and PEDOT:PSS. XPS Ar+ etching depth analysis proved that the addition of GOPS is conducive to forming a more stable SEI. A full battery assembled with NCM 523 cathode delivers a high energy density of 520 Wh kg-1, offering good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Asma Iqbal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Nazakat Ali
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - CheeTongJohn Low
- Warwick Electrochemical Engineering Group, Energy Innovation Centre, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rongrong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Jiantao Zai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
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