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Nogales A, García C, Del Campo A, Ezquerra TA, Rodriguez-Hernández J. Micropatterned functional interfaces on elastic substrates fabricated by fixing out of plane deformations. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6105-6114. [PMID: 35943033 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the preparation of micropatterned functional surfaces produced by inducing an out-of-plane deformation on elastic substrates and fixing these by creating a rigid oxidized top layer. Specifically, the elastic substrate used was Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the rigid layer on top was created by ozonation of this material. We evidenced that the surface pattern formed is directly dependent on the pressure applied, the mechanical properties of the elastic substrate and on the dimensions and shape of the mask employed to define the exposed and non-exposed areas. In addition to the pattern formed, another interesting aspect is related to the ozone diffusion within the material. Softer PDMS enables more efficient diffusion and produced a thicker oxidized layer in comparison to rigid PDMS. Finally, a simulation was carried out using the distribution of Von Misses stresses of a solid plate to understand the conditions in which the applied force resulted in the rupture of the rigid oxidized layer under a permanent deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM), CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), CSIC, C/Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiberio A Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM), CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Zhu Y, Deng S, Zhao X, Xia G, Zhao R, Chan HF. Deciphering and engineering tissue folding: A mechanical perspective. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:32-42. [PMID: 34325076 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The folding of tissues/organs into complex shapes is a common phenomenon that occurs in organisms such as animals and plants, and is both structurally and functionally important. Deciphering the process of tissue folding and applying this knowledge to engineer folded systems would significantly advance the field of tissue engineering. Although early studies focused on investigating the biochemical signaling events that occur during the folding process, the physical or mechanical aspects of the process have received increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the mechanical aspects of folding and introduce strategies by which folding can be controlled in vitro. Emphasis will be placed on the folding events triggered by mechanical effects at the cellular and tissue levels and on the different cell- and biomaterial-based approaches used to recapitulate folding. Finally, we will provide a perspective on the development of engineering tissue folding toward preclinical and clinical translation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue folding is a common phenomenon in a variety of organisms including human, and has been shown to serve important structural and functional roles. Understanding how folding forms and applying the concept in tissue engineering would represent an advance of the research field. Recently, the physical or mechanical aspect of tissue folding has gained increasing attention. In this review, we will cover recent findings of the mechanical aspect of folding mechanisms, and introduce strategies to control the folding process in vitro. We will also provide a perspective on the future development of the field towards preclinical and clinical translation of various bio fabrication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlun Zhu
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guanggai Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ruike Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Liu Y, Sun A, Sridhar S, Li Z, Qin Z, Liu J, Chen X, Lu H, Tang BZ, Xu BB. Spatially and Reversibly Actuating Soft Gel Structure by Harnessing Multimode Elastic Instabilities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36361-36369. [PMID: 34291634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous shape transformation is key in developing high-performance soft robotics technology; the search for pronounced actuation mechanisms is an ongoing mission. Here, we present the programmable shape morphing of a three-dimensional (3D) curved gel structure by harnessing multimode mechanical instabilities during free swelling. First of all, the coupling of buckling and creasing occurs at the dedicated region of the gel structure, which is attributed to the edge and surface instabilities resulted from structure-defined spatial nonuniformity of swelling. The subsequent developments of post-buckling morphologies and crease patterns collaboratively drive the structural transformation of the gel part from the "open" state to the "closed" state, thus realizing the function of gripping. By utilizing the multi-stimuli-responsive nature of the hydrogel, we recover the swollen gel structure to its initial state, enabling reproducible and cyclic shape evolution. The described soft gel structure capable of shape transformation brings a variety of advantages, such as easy to fabricate, large strain transformation, efficient actuation, and high strength-to-weight ratio, and is anticipated to provide guidance for future applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics, offshore engineering, and healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Liu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Ansu Sun
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Sreepathy Sridhar
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Zhuofan Qin
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Haibao Lu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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Han S, Noh S, Kim JW, Lee CR, Lee SK, Kim JS. Stretchable Inorganic GaN-Nanowire Photosensor with High Photocurrent and Photoresponsivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22728-22737. [PMID: 33969979 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To effectively implement wearable systems, their constituent components should be made stretchable. We successfully fabricated highly efficient stretchable photosensors made of inorganic GaN nanowires (NWs) as light-absorbing media and graphene as a carrier channel on polyurethane substrates using the pre-strain method. When a GaN-NW photosensor was stretched at a strain level of 50%, the photocurrent was measured to be 0.91 mA, corresponding to 87.5% of that (1.04 mA) obtained in the released state, and the photoresponsivity was calculated to be 11.38 A/W. These photosensors showed photocurrent and photoresponsivity levels much higher than those previously reported for any stretchable semiconductor-containing photosensor. To explain the superior performances of the stretchable GaN-NW photosensor, it was approximated as an equivalent circuit with resistances and capacitances, and in this way, we analyzed the behavior of the photogenerated carriers, particularly at the NW-graphene interface. In addition, the buckling phenomenon typically observed in organic-based stretchable devices fabricated using the pre-strain method was not observed in our photosensors. After a 1000-cycle stretching test with a strain level of 50%, the photocurrent and photoresponsivity of the GaN-NW photosensor were measured to be 0.96 mA and 11.96 A/W, respectively, comparable to those measured before the stretching test. To evaluate the potential of our stretchable devices in practical applications, the GaN-NW photosensors were attached to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger and to the back of the wrist. Photocurrents of these photosensors were monitored during movements made about these joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmoon Han
- Department of Electronic and Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and Research Center of Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Siyun Noh
- Department of Electronic and Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and Research Center of Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Electronic and Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and Research Center of Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- Department of Electronic and Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and Research Center of Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Seoung-Ki Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Electronic and Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and Research Center of Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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Tan Y, Hu B, Song J, Chu Z, Wu W. Bioinspired Multiscale Wrinkling Patterns on Curved Substrates: An Overview. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:101. [PMID: 34138101 PMCID: PMC7770713 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The surface wrinkling of biological tissues is ubiquitous in nature. Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical force plays a significant role in shaping the biological morphologies. Controlled wrinkling has been demonstrated to be able to spontaneously form rich multiscale patterns, on either planar or curved surfaces. The surface wrinkling on planar substrates has been investigated thoroughly during the past decades. However, most wrinkling morphologies in nature are based on the curved biological surfaces and the research of controllable patterning on curved substrates still remains weak. The study of wrinkling on curved substrates is critical for understanding the biological growth, developing three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) fabrication techniques, and creating novel topographic patterns. In this review, fundamental wrinkling mechanics and recent advances in both fabrications and applications of the wrinkling patterns on curved substrates are summarized. The mechanics behind the wrinkles is compared between the planar and the curved cases. Beyond the film thickness, modulus ratio, and mismatch strain, the substrate curvature is one more significant parameter controlling the surface wrinkling. Curved substrates can be both solid and hollow with various 3D geometries across multiple length scales. Up to date, the wrinkling morphologies on solid/hollow core-shell spheres and cylinders have been simulated and selectively produced. Emerging applications of the curved topographic patterns have been found in smart wetting surfaces, cell culture interfaces, healthcare materials, and actuators, which may accelerate the development of artificial organs, stimuli-responsive devices, and micro/nano fabrications with higher dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Tan
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Biru Hu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyong Chu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjian Wu
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China.
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Ouchi T, Hayward RC. Harnessing Multiple Surface Deformation Modes for Switchable Conductivity Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10031-10038. [PMID: 32056437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface deformation modes, such as wrinkling, creasing, and cracking, enable a plethora of surface morphologies under mechanical loading, which have been widely exploited to provide flexibility and stretchability to electronic devices. As each phenomenon offers a distinct set of potential advantages, controlling the types and spatial locations of deformation modes is key for their successful application. In this study, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously harness multiple surface deformation modes-wrinkles, creases, and cracks-in patterned multilayer films. The wrinkling of metal-coated stiff patterned films provides flexibility and stretchability, while the reversible formation of creases in the intervening regions of the bare elastomer is used to template the formation of patterned cracks in the metal. While conventional cracks can be difficult to precisely control, the patterned cracks demonstrated here remain straight over long distances and show tunable lateral spacings from hundreds of micrometers to centimeters. Finally, the reversible opening and closing of these cracks under mechanical loading provides mechanically gated electrical switches with small and tunable critical switching strains of 0.05-0.18 and high on/off ratios of >107, enabling the preparation of mechanical NAND and NOR logic gates each composed of multiple patterned switches on a single elastomer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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Yu S, Ma L, Sun Y, Lu C, Zhou H, Ni Y. Controlled Wrinkling Patterns in Periodic Thickness-Gradient Films on Polydimethylsiloxane Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7146-7154. [PMID: 31063390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface wrinkles in homogeneous and heterogeneous film-substrate systems have received intense attention in both science and engineering. Understanding the wrinkling phenomena of heterogeneous systems with continuously variable features is still a challenge. In this work, we propose an unconventional strategy to prepare periodic thickness-gradient metal films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates by masking of copper grids which are weaved by orthometric copper wires. It is found that a periodic thickness-gradient film spontaneously forms during the sputtering process because of the specific structures of the copper grids. Surface wrinkles are strongly modulated by the copper grid structures and are position-dependent within a period. A phase diagram has been established to correlate the wrinkle morphology with the mesh size and film thickness. The film surfaces at mesh centers are evolved from labyrinth wrinkling to herringbone wrinkling and then to stripe wrinkling and finally to wrinkling-free state when the mesh size decreases and/or the film thickness increases. The morphological characteristics, evolutional behaviors, and underlying mechanisms of such wrinkling are discussed in detail based on the stress theory and numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjiang Yu
- Innovative Center for Advanced Materials (ICAM) , Hangzhou Dianzi University , 1158, Number 2 Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Long Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96, Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of Physics , China Jiliang University , 258, Xueyuan Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Innovative Center for Advanced Materials (ICAM) , Hangzhou Dianzi University , 1158, Number 2 Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physics , China Jiliang University , 258, Xueyuan Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96, Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
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Cheng PT, Zhou W, Yang F, Lee S. Growth of Polystyrene Pillars in Electric Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4966-4975. [PMID: 30875470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterning on polymer films, which is a self-assembly process under the action of external and/or internal impetus, has a variety of applications, including drug delivery and flexible electronics. In this work, we study the growth of polystyrene pillars in the electric field for different combinations of annealing temperature, film thickness, and electrode separation (electric field intensity). There are five stages for the growth of the polystyrene pillars for all the configurations used in this work, including a nucleation stage, a linear growth stage, an acceleration stage in the pillar length prior to the contact between the top surface of a pillar and the upper electrode, a radial growth stage after the contact, and a stationary stage without further growth of the pillar. In the linear growth stage, there exist linear relationships between the pillar length and the annealing time and between the square of the pillar diameter and the annealing time. The activation energies for the rate processes controlling the radial growth and the length growth in the linear growth stage are 30.2 and 25.3 kJ/mol, respectively. There are two rate processes controlling the radial growth of the pillars: one is the field-induced flow of polymer through the polymer film to the roots of pillars and the other is the coalescence of pillars. The activation energy for the coalescence is 16.5 kJ/mol. The results obtained in this work offer a practical route to control the geometrical dimensions of polymer pillars through the processing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Ting Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Kuang Fu Road, 2nd Section , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Wenxiao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Rochester , 235 Hopeman Building , Rochester , New York 14604 , United States
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Kentucky , 177 FPAT , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Sanboh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Kuang Fu Road, 2nd Section , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
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