1
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Walkowiak JJ, Litzen I, Michalska-Walkowiak J, Förster B, Stouten J, Bernaerts KV, Demco DE, Pich A. Microgels with controlled network topologies by photocrosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:614-619. [PMID: 38991275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a new synthesis methodology based on photo-crosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization which allows controlling the distribution of crosslinks in microgels. In our approach we substituted conventional crosslinking agent by a comonomer carrying photo-crosslinkable 4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl group. Microgel size, morphology, distribution of crosslinks and packing density of the polymer chains are studied as a function of retention time (Rt) in the flow reactor. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS) as well as small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) proved an excellent level of control over the distribution of crosslinks in microgels during the polymerization process. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), indicating a difference in microgel stiffness and arrangement of the polymer network as resulting from increased Rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Walkowiak
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Inga Litzen
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Michalska-Walkowiak
- CNRS, UMR 8232 - IPCM - Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - Polymer Chemistry Team, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Beate Förster
- Ernst Ruska Centre (ER-C 1) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Dan E Demco
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Zou J, Li M, Liu Z, Luo W, Han S, Xiao F, Tao W, Wu Q, Xie T, Kong N. Unleashing the potential: integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese medicine. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8791-8806. [PMID: 38606497 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the potential of integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Chinese medical theory. It highlights the intersections and potential of nano-delivery systems in enhancing the effectiveness of traditional herbal medicine and acupuncture treatments. In addition, it discusses how the integration of nano-delivery systems with Chinese medical theory can modernize herbal medicine and make it more readily accessible on a global scale. Finally, it analyzes the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Shiqi Han
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Fan Xiao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Na Kong
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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3
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Yang J, Huang B, Lv Z, Cao Z. Preparation and self-assembly of ionic (PNIPAM- co-VIM) microgels and their adsorption property for phosphate ions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3425-3437. [PMID: 36756607 PMCID: PMC9871875 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) as the main monomer, 1-vinyl imidazole (VIM) containing tertiary amine groups as the functional comonomer, and 1,5-dibromo pentane as the crosslinking agent, ionic P(NIPAM-co-VIM) microgels were prepared by a two-step method. The crosslinking agent was reacted with tertiary amino groups by the quaternary amination. The results of zeta potential and particle size analysis showed that P(NIPAM-co-VIM) microgels were positively charged and had a particle size of about 400 nm, and the microgels with 11 wt% VIM still showed temperature sensitivity with a volume phase transition temperature of approximately 37.5 °C. The effects of VIM content, ambient temperature, and pH on the adsorption properties of the microgels for phosphate anions were explored. The self-assembly of the positively charged P(NIPAM-co-VIM) microgels with polyelectrolytes and the adsorption behavior of the layers for phosphate anions were studied using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). It was found that at a phosphate concentration of 0.3 mg mL-1, VIM mass fraction of 11%, pH of 5, and temperature of 20 °C, the largest adsorption capacity of P(NIPAM-co-VIM) microgel on phosphate ions could reach 346.3 mg g-1. The frequency responses of the microgel-modified QCM sensor could reach 3.0, 18.8, and 25.9 Hz when exposed to 10-8, 10-7, and 10-6 M phosphate solutions. Therefore, the ionic (PNIPAM-co-VIM) microgels could be promising for fabricating anion-binding materials for separation and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 25 Heping North Road Changzhou 213000 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Bei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhengxiang Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 25 Heping North Road Changzhou 213000 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 Jiangsu P. R. China .,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
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4
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Fandrich P, Esteban Vázquez J, Haverkamp R, Hellweg T. Growth of Smart Microgels in a Flow Reactor Scrutinized by In-Line SAXS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1084-1092. [PMID: 36630721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a continuous flow setup for in situ investigation of microgel growth with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is established. Poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (PNNPAM) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are synthesized in H2O at different residence times inside a continuous flow reactor. The microgels are investigated by in situ SAXS and ex situ photon correlation spectroscopy. The size of the microgels was found to be reproducible in independent experiments with run times of up to 7 h. Already the scattering curves of the microgels with a time of residence of 15 min show a well-defined form factor. Further analysis of the scattering profiles confirms the spherical shape of the microgels. At a residence time of 2 min, the scattering intensity is significantly lower corresponding to a smaller particle size. The experimental conditions remain constant over time, which is crucial for long-time experiments. The PNNPAM system is found to be more suitable for the flow reactor experiment with in-line SAXS as it shows less polymer deposition in the tubing and forms particles with lower polydispersity. The presented reactor is characterized by a compact design and offers a plug-and-play setup close to the sample environment. This work paves the way for investigations of microgel growth at e.g. synchrotron X-ray beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fandrich
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jorge Esteban Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - René Haverkamp
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Yang Y, Sha L, Zhao H, Guo Z, Wu M, Lu P. Recent advances in cellulose microgels: Preparations and functionalized applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102815. [PMID: 36427465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are soft, deformable, permeable, and stimuli-responsive microscopic polymeric particles that are now emerging as prospective multifunctional soft materials for delivery systems, interface stabilization, cell cultures and tissue engineering. Cellulose microgels are emerging biopolymeric microgels with unique characteristics such as abound hydroxyl structure, admirable designability, multiscale pore network and excellent biocompatibility. This review summarizes the fabrication strategies for microgel, then highlights the fabrication routes for cellulose microgels, and finally elaborates cellulose microgels' bright application prospects with unique characteristics in the fields of controlled release, interface stabilization, coating, purification, nutrition/drug delivery, and bio-fabrication. The challenges to be addressed for further applications and considerable scope for development in future of cellulose microgels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lishan Sha
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhaojun Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Peng Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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6
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Belthle T, Lantzius-Beninga M, Pich A. Pre- and post-functionalization of thermoresponsive cationic microgels with ionic liquid moieties carrying different counterions. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of different anions on the temperature-dependent solution properties of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) microgels carrying alkylated ionic liquid vinylimidazolium moieties synthesized by a pre- and post-functionalization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomke Belthle
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Lantzius-Beninga
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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7
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Wang M, Fan R, Zhang J, Li L, Wang JX, Le Y. Surfactant-Free Synthesis of PNIPAM-Based Smart Microgels for Drug Delivery Using a High-Gravity Rotating Packed Bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Lingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Yuan Le
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
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8
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Feller D, Karg M. Fluid interface-assisted assembly of soft microgels: recent developments for structures beyond hexagonal packing. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6301-6312. [PMID: 35993260 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microgels adsorb to air/water and oil/water interfaces - a process driven by a significant reduction in interfacial tension. Depending on the available interface area per microgel, strong lateral deformation can be observed. Typically, hexagonally ordered structures appear spontaneously upon contact of the microgel shells. Transfer from the interface to solid substrates gives access to macroscopically sized microgel monolayers that are interesting for photonic and plasmonic studies as well as colloid-based lithography, for example. Significant efforts have been made to understand the phase behavior of microgels at different interfaces and to explore the available parameter space for achieving complex tessellations. In this review, we will discuss the most recent developments in the realization of microgel monolayers with structures beyond hexagonal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Feller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Fandrich P, Annegarn M, Wiehemeier L, Ehring I, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Core-shell microgels synthesized in continuous flow: deep insight into shell growth using temperature-dependent FTIR. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5492-5501. [PMID: 35843118 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00598k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While core-shell microgels have been intensively studied in their fully synthesized state, the formation mechanism of the shell has not been completely understood. Such insight is decisive for a customization of microgel properties for applications. In this work, microgels based on a N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NiPMAM) core and a N-n-propylacrylamide (NnPAM) shell are synthesized in a continuous flow reactor. The shell growth is studied depending on the solution's time of residence inside the reactor. PCS experiments reveal a significant decrease of the volume phase transition temperatures of the core and the shell, with increasing residence time. At early stages, a decreased swelling capacity is found before a discrete NnPAM shell is formed. Temperature-dependent FTIR spectroscopy shows that the decreased swelling capacity originates from a pronounced interpenetrated network (IPN) between NnPAM and NiPMAM. AFM images resolve heterogeneously distributed shell material after 3 min, pointing to an aggregation of NnPAM domains before the distinct shell forms. The combination of diffusional properties, AFM images and vibrational information confirms a deeply interpenetrated network already at early stages of the precipitation polymerization, in which the shell material heavily influences the swelling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fandrich
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Marco Annegarn
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Ina Ehring
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Biophysical Chemistry and Diagnostics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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10
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Scotti A, Schulte MF, Lopez CG, Crassous JJ, Bochenek S, Richtering W. How Softness Matters in Soft Nanogels and Nanogel Assemblies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11675-11700. [PMID: 35671377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Softness plays a key role in determining the macroscopic properties of colloidal systems, from synthetic nanogels to biological macromolecules, from viruses to star polymers. However, we are missing a way to quantify what the term "softness" means in nanoscience. Having quantitative parameters is fundamental to compare different systems and understand what the consequences of softness on the macroscopic properties are. Here, we propose different quantities that can be measured using scattering methods and microscopy experiments. On the basis of these quantities, we review the recent literature on micro- and nanogels, i.e. cross-linked polymer networks swollen in water, a widely used model system for soft colloids. Applying our criteria, we address the question what makes a nanomaterial soft? We discuss and introduce general criteria to quantify the different definitions of softness for an individual compressible colloid. This is done in terms of the energetic cost associated with the deformation and the capability of the colloid to isotropically deswell. Then, concentrated solutions of soft colloids are considered. New definitions of softness and new parameters, which depend on the particle-to-particle interactions, are introduced in terms of faceting and interpenetration. The influence of the different synthetic routes on the softness of nanogels is discussed. Concentrated solutions of nanogels are considered and we review the recent results in the literature concerning the phase behavior and flow properties of nanogels both in three and two dimensions, in the light of the different parameters we defined. The aim of this review is to look at the results on micro- and nanogels in a more quantitative way that allow us to explain the reported properties in terms of differences in colloidal softness. Furthermore, this review can give researchers dealing with soft colloids quantitative methods to define unambiguously which softness matters in their compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scotti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - M Friederike Schulte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Jérôme J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Steffen Bochenek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
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11
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Sabadasch V, Fandrich P, Annegarn M, Hellweg T. Effect of Methacrylic Acid in PNNPAM Microgels on the Catalytic Activity of Embedded Palladium Nanoparticles. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sabadasch
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Pascal Fandrich
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Marco Annegarn
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Bielefeld University Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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12
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Belthle T, Demco DE, Pich A. Nanostructuring the Interior of Stimuli-Responsive Microgels by N-Vinylimidazoles Quaternized with Hydrophobic Alkyl Chains. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomke Belthle
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dan E. Demco
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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13
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Sharma A, Jung SH, Lomadze N, Pich A, Santer S, Bekir M. Adsorption Kinetics of a Photosensitive Surfactant Inside Microgels. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Se-Hyeong Jung
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Yang W, Yin H, Yuan Z, Chen B. Flexibility analysis for continuous ibuprofen manufacturing processes. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Lüken A, Bruckhaus M, Kosfeld U, Emondts M, Wessling M. Automated tangential-flow diafiltration device. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00200. [PMID: 35607654 PMCID: PMC9123373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tangential flow filtration (TFF) is a chemical unit operation used to purify and concentrate liquid suspensions of colloids, proteins, or cells. The solution flows tangentially across a membrane, such that a selective part of the fluid permeates the membrane while the filtrated matter is retained, increasing its concentration. TFF is a mild mechanical purification method that does not interact chemically with the filtrate. It is applied in sensitive separation tasks in protein chemistry, microbiology, or immunology. It is a fast alternative for dialysis applications, also applicable in the field of colloid purification. However, the costs of automated lab-scale devices (30,000 €) and the consumable membrane modules (100-600 €) make TFF currently hardly accessible for lab-scale polymer researchers. Therefore, we built a low-cost TFF system (2400 €) partly automated by an Arduino microcontroller and optimized for diafiltration buffer exchange and concentration processes in soft matter colloid research. We use medical hemodialysis membrane modules that only cost a share (20-50 €) of alternative TFF modules, and we demonstrate the functionality of the system for an exemplary colloidal microgel purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lüken
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maike Bruckhaus
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Udo Kosfeld
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.BioVT - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meike Emondts
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Riegert J, Töpel A, Schieren J, Coryn R, Dibenedetto S, Braunmiller D, Zajt K, Schalla C, Rütten S, Zenke M, Pich A, Sechi A. Guiding cell adhesion and motility by modulating cross-linking and topographic properties of microgel arrays. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257495. [PMID: 34555082 PMCID: PMC8460069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-driven modulation of cell adhesion and migration is a challenging aspect of tissue engineering. Here, we investigated the impact of surface-bound microgel arrays with variable geometry and adjustable cross-linking properties on cell adhesion and migration. We show that cell migration is inversely correlated with microgel array spacing, whereas directionality increases as array spacing increases. Focal adhesion dynamics is also modulated by microgel topography resulting in less dynamic focal adhesions on surface-bound microgels. Microgels also modulate the motility and adhesion of Sertoli cells used as a model for cell migration and adhesion. Both focal adhesion dynamics and speed are reduced on microgels. Interestingly, Gas2L1, a component of the cytoskeleton that mediates the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments, is dispensable for the regulation of cell adhesion and migration on microgels. Finally, increasing microgel cross-linking causes a clear reduction of focal adhesion turnover in Sertoli cells. These findings not only show that spacing and rigidity of surface-grafted microgels arrays can be effectively used to modulate cell adhesion and motility of diverse cellular systems, but they also form the basis for future developments in the fields of medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Riegert
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Töpel
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Jana Schieren
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renee Coryn
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stella Dibenedetto
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Braunmiller
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Kamil Zajt
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Kaven LF, Wolff HJM, Wille L, Wessling M, Mitsos A, Viell J. In-line Monitoring of Microgel Synthesis: Flow versus Batch Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luise F. Kaven
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna J. M. Wolff
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wille
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joern Viell
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Babu S, Albertino F, Omidinia Anarkoli A, De Laporte L. Controlling Structure with Injectable Biomaterials to Better Mimic Tissue Heterogeneity and Anisotropy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002221. [PMID: 33951341 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration of sensitive tissues calls for injectable scaffolds, which are minimally invasive and offer minimal damage to the native tissues. However, most of these systems are inherently isotropic and do not mimic the complex hierarchically ordered nature of the native extracellular matrices. This review focuses on the different approaches developed in the past decade to bring in some form of anisotropy to the conventional injectable tissue regenerative matrices. These approaches include introduction of macroporosity, in vivo pattering to present biomolecules in a spatially and temporally controlled manner, availability of aligned domains by means of self-assembly or oriented injectable components, and in vivo bioprinting to obtain structures with features of high resolution that resembles native tissues. Toward the end of the review, different techniques to produce building blocks for the fabrication of heterogeneous injectable scaffolds are discussed. The advantages and shortcomings of each approach are discussed in detail with ideas to improve the functionality and versatility of the building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Babu
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) Polymeric Biomaterials RWTH University Aachen Worringerweg 2 Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Max Planck School‐Matter to Life (MtL) Jahnstrasse 29 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Filippo Albertino
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | | | - Laura De Laporte
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) Polymeric Biomaterials RWTH University Aachen Worringerweg 2 Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Max Planck School‐Matter to Life (MtL) Jahnstrasse 29 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB) Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME) Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS) University Hospital RWTH Aachen Forckenbeckstrasse 55 Aachen 52074 Germany
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19
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Saha P, Ganguly R, Li X, Das R, Singha NK, Pich A. Zwitterionic Nanogels and Microgels: An Overview on Their Synthesis and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100112. [PMID: 34021658 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers by virtue of their unique chemical and physical attributes have attracted researchers in recent years. The simultaneous presence of positive and negative charges in the same repeat unit renders them of various interesting properties such as superhydrophilicity, which has significantly broadened their scope for being used in different applications. Among polyzwitterions of different architectures, micro- and/or nano-gels have started receiving attention only until recently. These 3D cross-linked colloidal structures show peculiar characteristics in context to their solution properties, which are attributable either to the comonomers present or the presence of different electrolytes and biological specimens. In this review, a concise yet detailed account is provided of the different synthetic techniques and application domains of zwitterion-based micro- and/or nanogels that have been explored in recent years. Here, the focus is kept solely on the "polybetaines," which have garnered maximum research interest and remain the extensively studied polyzwitterions in literature. While their vast application potential in the biomedical sector is being detailed here, some other areas of scope such as using them as microreactors for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles or making smart membranes for water-treatment are discussed in this minireview as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Saha
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Xin Li
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rohan Das
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, 6167, The Netherlands
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20
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Besenhard MO, Panariello L, Kiefer C, LaGrow AP, Storozhuk L, Perton F, Begin S, Mertz D, Thanh NTK, Gavriilidis A. Small iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI T1 contrast agent: scalable inexpensive water-based synthesis using a flow reactor. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8795-8805. [PMID: 34014243 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesised in water via co-precipitation by quenching particle growth after the desired magnetic iron oxide phase formed. This was achieved in a millifluidic multistage flow reactor by precisely timed addition of an acidic solution. IONPs (≤5 nm), a suitable size for positive T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, were obtained and stabilised continuously. This novel flow chemistry approach facilitates a reproducible and scalable production, which is a crucial paradigm shift to utilise IONPs as contrast agents and replace currently used Gd complexes. Acid addition had to be timed carefully, as the inverse spinel structure formed within seconds after initiating the co-precipitation. Late quenching allowed IONPs to grow larger than 5 nm, whereas premature acid addition yielded undesired oxide phases. Use of a flow reactor was not only essential for scalability, but also to synthesise monodisperse and non-agglomerated small IONPs as (i) co-precipitation and acid addition occurred at homogenous environment due to accurate temperature control and rapid mixing and (ii) quenching of particle growth was possible at the optimum time, i.e., a few seconds after initiating co-precipitation. In addition to the timing of growth quenching, the effect of temperature and dextran present during co-precipitation on the final particle size was investigated. This approach differs from small IONP syntheses in batch utilising either growth inhibitors (which likely leads to impurities) or high temperature methods in organic solvents. Furthermore, this continuous synthesis enables the low-cost (<£10 per g) and large-scale production of highly stable small IONPs without the use of toxic reagents. The flow-synthesised small IONPs showed high T1 contrast enhancement, with transversal relaxivity (r2) reduced to 20.5 mM-1 s-1 and longitudinal relaxivity (r1) higher than 10 mM-1 s-1, which is among the highest values reported for water-based IONP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Céline Kiefer
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alec P LaGrow
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Biophysics group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Francis Perton
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Begin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. and UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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21
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Fandrich P, Wiehemeier L, Dirksen M, Wrede O, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Acrylamide precipitation polymerization in a continuous flow reactor: an in situ FTIR study reveals kinetics. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, we present a combination of a continuous flow reactor with in situ monitoring of the monomer conversion in a precipitation polymerization. The flow reactor is equipped with a preheating area for the synthesis of thermoresponsive microgels, based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The reaction progress is monitored with in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The monomer conversion at defined residence times is determined from absorbance spectra of the reaction solutions by linear combination with reference spectra of the stock solution and the purified microgel. The reconstruction of the spectra appears to be in good agreement with experimental data in the range of 1710 to 1530 cm− 1, in which prominent absorption bands are used as probes for the monomer and the polymer. With increasing residence time, we observed a decrease in intensity of the ν(C=C) vibration, originating from the monomer, while the ν(C=O) vibration is shifted to higher frequencies by polymerization. Differences between the determined inline conversion kinetics and offline growth kinetics, determined by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), are discussed in terms of diffusion and point to a crucial role of mixing in precipitation polymerizations.
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22
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Jung F, Ksiazkiewicz A, Mhamdi A, Pich A, Mitsos A. Model-Based Optimization of Microgel Synthesis in the μm Size Range. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falco Jung
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Adel Mhamdi
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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23
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Roth H, Menne D, Kamp J, Emonds S, Wollf H, Wessling M. Schnell zu neuen Materialien – Effizientes Forschungsdatenmanagement an der Aachener Verfahrenstechnik. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202055486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Roth
- FURTHRresearch GmbH & Co. KG Kapuzinergasse 7–9 52068 Aachen Deutschland
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - D. Menne
- FURTHRresearch GmbH & Co. KG Kapuzinergasse 7–9 52068 Aachen Deutschland
| | - J. Kamp
- Chemische Verfahrenstechnik AVT. CVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - S. Emonds
- Chemische Verfahrenstechnik AVT. CVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - H. Wollf
- Chemische Verfahrenstechnik AVT. CVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - M. Wessling
- Chemische Verfahrenstechnik AVT. CVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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24
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Wang J, Liu Y, Li X, Luo Y, Zheng L, Hu J, Chen G, Chen H. Ultralow Crosslinked Microgel Brings Ultrahigh Catalytic Efficiency. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000135. [PMID: 32483937 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microgel nanoreactors maintain the stability of metallic nanoparticles and regulate their catalytic activity. However, limited by the synthetic method, the recycling ability and long-lasting stability of microgel nanoreactors are challenged. Herein, a brand-new nanoparticle carrier, ultralow crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-methacrylic acid) (P(NIPAm-b-MAA)) microgel, is synthesized based on the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method and the self-crosslinking mechanism of PNIPAm. This carrier enables the easy preparation, low cost, long-lasting stability, and high catalytic efficiency of nanoreactors. As far as it is known, the catalytic reduction rates of several dye models used in this work are the highest ones in similar systems. In addition, the presence of the MAA block leads to the agglomeration and dispersion of the microgels under different pH conditions, thus realizing rapid recycling of the nanoreactors. This novel carrier has great potential for a wide range of applications in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Zheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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25
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Arismendi-Arrieta DJ, Moreno AJ. Deformability and solvent penetration in soft nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 570:212-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Xue H, Zhao Z, Chen R, Brash JL, Chen H. Precise regulation of particle size of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels: Measuring chain dimensions with a "molecular ruler". J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 566:394-400. [PMID: 32018179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels are used extensively in the design of drug carriers, surfaces for control of cell adhesion, and optical devices. Particle size is a key factor and has a significant influence in many areas. EXPERIMENTS In this work, precise control of the particle size of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels was achieved by controlling the separation distance of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains. Dibromoalkanes of different size were used as an adjustable "molecular ruler" to measure molecular dimensions in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanoaggregates at the critical crosslinking temperature. FINDINGS We find that the chain separation distance decreases as the temperature increases with a sharp decrease over the 55-to-65 °C interval. Based on the observed relationships between chain separation and crosslinker, the particle size of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels can be regulated by changing the length of the "molecular ruler" (crosslinker) at the same temperature. Furthermore, for partly crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels that contain free crosslinkable sites, the particle size can be reduced still more by further crosslinking ("re-crosslinking") with crosslinkers of different size. It is shown that the particle size can be regulated by adjusting the length of "molecular ruler" and the degree of crosslinking. This work provides a "molecular level" method for precise control of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ziqing Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - John L Brash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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27
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Wolff HJM, Linkhorst J, Göttlich T, Savinsky J, Krüger AJD, de Laporte L, Wessling M. Soft temperature-responsive microgels of complex shape in stop-flow lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:285-295. [PMID: 31802080 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stop-flow lithography (SFL) has emerged as a facile high-throughput fabrication method for μm-sized anisometric particles; yet, the fabrication of soft, anisometric microgels has not frequently been addressed in the literature. Furthermore, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, no soft, complex-shaped microgels with temperature-responsive behavior have been fabricated with this technology before. However, such microgels have tremendous potential as building blocks and actuating elements in rapidly developing fields, such as tissue engineering and additive manufacturing of soft polymeric building blocks, bio-hybrid materials, or soft micro-robotics. Given their great potential, we prove in this work that SFL is a viable method for the fabrication of soft, temperature-responsive, and complex-shaped microgels. The microgels, fabricated in this work, consist of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm), which is crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). The results confirm that the shape of the pNIPAm microgels is determined by the transparency mask, used in SFL. Furthermore, it is shown that, in order to realize stable microgels, a minimum threshold of crosslinker concentration of 2 wt% is required. Above this threshold, the stiffness of pNIPAm microgels can be deliberately altered by adjusting the concentration of the crosslinker. The fabricated pNIPAm microgels show the targeted temperature-responsive behavior. Within this context, temperature-dependent reversible swelling is confirmed, even for fractal-like geometries, such as micro snowflakes. Thus, these microgels provide the targeted unique combination of softness, shape complexity, and temperature responsiveness and increase the freedom of design for actuated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J M Wolff
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - John Linkhorst
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Göttlich
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johann Savinsky
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas J D Krüger
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura de Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany and RWTH Aachen University, ITMC - Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany. and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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28
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Schneider S, Jung F, Mergel O, Lammertz J, Nickel AC, Caumanns T, Mhamdi A, Mayer J, Mitsos A, Plamper FA. Model-based design and synthesis of ferrocene containing microgels. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modelling and synthesis go hand in hand to efficiently engineer copolymer microgels with various architectures: core–shell structures (with ferrocene mainly in the core or in the shell) and also microgels with homogeneous comonomer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Falco Jung
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Olga Mergel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40
- University of Groningen
- University Medical Center Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Janik Lammertz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Anne C. Nickel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Tobias Caumanns
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Adel Mhamdi
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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29
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Purohit A, Centeno SP, Wypysek SK, Richtering W, Wöll D. Microgel PAINT - nanoscopic polarity imaging of adaptive microgels without covalent labelling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10336-10342. [PMID: 32110321 PMCID: PMC6984396 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanostructures have enormous potential for various applications in materials and life sciences. In order to exploit and understand their full capabilities, a detailed analysis of their structures and the environmental conditions in them is essential on the nanoscopic scale. With a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique known as PAINT (Points Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography), we imaged colloidal hydrogel networks, so-called microgels, having a hydrodynamic radius smaller than the diffraction limit, gaining unprecedented insight into their full 3D structure which is not accessible in this much detail with any other experimental method. In addition to imaging of the microgel structure, the use of Nile Red as the solvatochromic fluorophore allowed us to resolve the polarity conditions within the investigated microgels, thus providing nanoscopic information on the x,y,z-position of labels including their polarity without the need of covalent labelling. With this imaging approach, we give a detailed insight into adapting structural and polarity properties of temperature-responsive microgels when changing the temperature beyond the volume phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashvini Purohit
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Sarah K Wypysek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany .
| | - Dominik Wöll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany .
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30
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Mackiewicz M, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Synthesis of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) nanogels in an aqueous environment using precipitation polymerization: unusually high volume change. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190981. [PMID: 31827839 PMCID: PMC6894567 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, by using precipitation polymerization in an aqueous solution, a cross-linked poly(acrylic acid)-(pAA) nanogel was synthesized. pAA was synthesized and cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) at 70°C in an acidified environment (pH 2) and containing 0.7 M NaCl using potassium persulfate as the initiator. Ionized pAA was soluble in water. The use of sodium chloride at low pH caused a decrease in the solubility of pAA and led to its precipitation and formation of cross-linked pAA nanogel. By using electron microscopies and light scattering techniques, the morphology, pH sensitivity and zeta potential of the obtained p(AA-BIS) nanogel were evaluated. The polymerization in an aqueous environment resulted in a very big swelling/shrinking coefficient (of approx. 4000) in response to pH and exhibited an unusually high negative zeta potential (of approx. -130 mV). These properties make the nanogel a very interesting sorbent and a construction material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Avenue, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Wang J, Liu Y, Chen R, Zhang Z, Chen G, Chen H. Ultralow Self-Cross-Linked Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels Prepared by Solvent Exchange. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13991-13998. [PMID: 31596589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We found that the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) synthesized by free-radical polymerization in organic phase could also form stable microgels in water through solvent exchange without chemical cross-linkers. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed the larger swelling ratio and higher deformability of these microgels. Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy indicated that the self-cross-linking structures in these microgels were attributed to the hydrogen atom abstraction both from the isopropyl tert-carbon atoms and the vinyl tert-carbon atoms in PNIPAm chains and the organic solvents were important assistants in the hydrogen abstraction behavior. Our discovery revealed that the self-cross-linking of PNIPAm chains is a common phenomenon within their free-radical polymerization process, whether in aqueous phase or in organic phase. Besides, the addition of second monomers will not affect the cross-linkage of the PNIPAm portion, which may be of great significance for the synthesis of various functional ultralow cross-linking PNIPAm microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
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32
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Charged microgels adsorbed on porous membranes - A study of their mobility and molecular retention. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Mackiewicz M, Romanski J, Krug P, Mazur M, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Tunable environmental sensitivity and degradability of nanogels based on derivatives of cystine and poly(ethylene glycols) of various length for biocompatible drug carrier. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Kyrey T, Witte J, Feoktystov A, Pipich V, Wu B, Pasini S, Radulescu A, Witt MU, Kruteva M, von Klitzing R, Wellert S, Holderer O. Inner structure and dynamics of microgels with low and medium crosslinker content prepared via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization and continuous monomer feeding approach. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6536-6546. [PMID: 31355828 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels via classical precipitation polymerization (batch method) and a continuous monomer feeding approach (feeding method) leads to different internal crosslinker distributions, i.e., from core-shell-like to a more homogeneous one. The internal structure and dynamics of these microgels with low and medium crosslinker concentrations are studied with dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering in a wide q-range below and above the volume phase transition temperature. The influence of the preparation method, and crosslinker and initiator concentration on the internal structure of the microgels is investigated. In contrast to the classical conception where polymer microgels possess a core-shell structure with the averaged internal polymer density distribution within the core part, a detailed view of the internal inhomogeneities of the PNIPAM microgels and the presence of internal domains even above the volume phase transition temperature, when polymer microgels are in the deswollen state, are presented. The correlation between initiator concentration and the size of internal domains that appear inside the microgel with temperature increase is demonstrated. Moreover, the influence of internal inhomogeneities on the dynamics of the batch- and feeding-microgels studied with neutron spin-echo spectroscopy is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kyrey
- Institute of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany. and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany and Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Judith Witte
- Institute of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Artem Feoktystov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Vitaliy Pipich
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefano Pasini
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Marcus U Witt
- Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Margarita Kruteva
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Wellert
- Institute of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Olaf Holderer
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentzum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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35
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Janssen FAL, Kather M, Ksiazkiewicz A, Pich A, Mitsos A. Synthesis of Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam)-Based Microgels by Precipitation Polymerization: Pseudo-Bulk Model for Particle Growth and Size Distribution. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13795-13807. [PMID: 31681904 PMCID: PMC6822303 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle size distribution and in particular the mean particle size are key properties of microgels, which are determined by synthesis conditions. To describe particle growth and particle size distribution over the progress of synthesis of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-based microgels, a pseudo-bulk model for precipitation copolymerization with cross-linking is formulated. The model is fitted and compared to experimental data from reaction calorimetry and dynamic light scattering, showing good agreement with polymerization progress, final particle size, and narrow particle size distribution. Predictions of particle growth and reaction progress for different experimental setups are compared to the corresponding experimental data, demonstrating the predictive capability and limitations of the model. The comparison to reaction calorimetry measurements shows the strength in the prediction of the overall polymerization progress. The results for the prediction of the particle radii reveal significant deviations and highlight the demand for further investigation, including additional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca A. L. Janssen
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Michael Kather
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for
Interactive Materials, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Ksiazkiewicz
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for
Interactive Materials, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Process Systems
Engineering and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry,
RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen,
Germany
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36
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Karg M, Pich A, Hellweg T, Hoare T, Lyon LA, Crassous JJ, Suzuki D, Gumerov RA, Schneider S, Potemkin II, Richtering W. Nanogels and Microgels: From Model Colloids to Applications, Recent Developments, and Future Trends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6231-6255. [PMID: 30998365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels and microgels are soft, deformable, and penetrable objects with an internal gel-like structure that is swollen by the dispersing solvent. Their softness and the potential to respond to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and different analytes make them interesting as soft model systems in fundamental research as well as for a broad range of applications, in particular in the field of biological applications. Recent tremendous developments in their synthesis open access to systems with complex architectures and compositions allowing for tailoring microgels with specific properties. At the same time state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches offer deeper understanding of the behavior and structure of nano- and microgels under external influences and confinement at interfaces or at high volume fractions. Developments in the experimental analysis of nano- and microgels have become particularly important for structural investigations covering a broad range of length scales relevant to the internal structure, the overall size and shape, and interparticle interactions in concentrated samples. Here we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments as well as emerging trends in the field of nano- and microgels. The following aspects build the focus of our discussion: tailoring (multi)functionality through synthesis; the role in biological and biomedical applications; the structure and properties as a model system, e.g., for densely packed arrangements in bulk and at interfaces; as well as the theory and computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I , Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf , 40204 Duesseldorf , Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry , Bielefeld University , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4L8 , Canada
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology , Chapman University , Orange , California 92866 , United States
| | - J J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Rustam A Gumerov
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Igor I Potemkin
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
- National Research South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk 454080 , Russian Federation
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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37
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Zhou X, Lu H, Chen F, Kong L, Zhang F, Zhang W, Nie J, Du B, Wang X. Degradable and Thermosensitive Microgels Synthesized via Simultaneous Quaternization and Siloxane Condensation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6145-6153. [PMID: 30983362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradable and thermosensitive microgels were successfully prepared via simultaneous quaternization and siloxane condensation during surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, with N-vinylcaprolactam as the main monomer and 1-vinylimidazole (VIM) as the comonomer, in the presence of (3-bromopropyl)trimethoxysilane (BPTMOS). The formation mechanism of cross-linking network was attributed to the hydrolysis and condensation of the methoxysilyl groups of BPTMOS and the quaternization of imidazole moiety of VIM by the bromine group of BPTMOS, leading to the microgels. The microgels were spherical in shape with a narrow size distribution, stable in an acidic buffer solution, but degradable in neutral and alkaline solutions. The presence of quaternized imidazolium in the same chain segment of Si-O-Si cross-linking points promoted the decomposition of Si-O-Si bonds and hence the degradation of the microgels. The obtained microgels could load and release the model drug, doxorubicin. The size, thermosensitivity, stability, degradation rate, and drug release behavior of the resultant microgels could be tuned by controlling the cross-linking degree, chemical composition, and degradation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
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38
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Virtanen OLJ, Kather M, Meyer-Kirschner J, Melle A, Radulescu A, Viell J, Mitsos A, Pich A, Richtering W. Direct Monitoring of Microgel Formation during Precipitation Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide Using in Situ SANS. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3690-3699. [PMID: 31459582 PMCID: PMC6648459 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels have found various uses in fundamental polymer and colloid science as well as in different applications. They are conveniently prepared by precipitation polymerization. In this reaction, radical polymerization and colloidal stabilization interact with each other to produce well-defined thermosensitive particles of narrow size distribution. However, the underlying mechanism of precipitation polymerization has not been fully understood. In particular, the crucial early stages of microgel formation have been poorly investigated so far. In this contribution, we have used small-angle neutron scattering in conjunction with a stopped-flow device to monitor the particle growth during precipitation polymerization in situ. The average particle volume growth is found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics, indicating that the polymerization rate is determined by the availability of the unreacted monomer, as the initiator concentration does not change considerably during the reaction. This is confirmed by calorimetric investigation of the polymerization process. Peroxide initiator-induced self-crosslinking of N-isopropylacrylamide and the use of the bifunctional crosslinker N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide are shown to decrease the particle number density in the batch. The results of the in situ small-angle neutron scattering measurements indicate that the particles form at an early stage in the reaction and their number density remains approximately the same thereafter. The overall reaction rate is found to be sensitive to monomer and initiator concentration in accordance with a radical solution polymerization mechanism, supporting the results from our earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto L. J. Virtanen
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Kather
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Meyer-Kirschner
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Forckenbeckstr.
51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Melle
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Juelich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Juelich
GmbH, Lichtenbergstr.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörn Viell
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Forckenbeckstr.
51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Forckenbeckstr.
51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
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39
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Witte J, Kyrey T, Lutzki J, Dahl AM, Houston J, Radulescu A, Pipich V, Stingaciu L, Kühnhammer M, Witt MU, von Klitzing R, Holderer O, Wellert S. A comparison of the network structure and inner dynamics of homogeneously and heterogeneously crosslinked PNIPAM microgels with high crosslinker content. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1053-1064. [PMID: 30663759 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel particles were prepared via a "classical" surfactant-free precipitation polymerization and a continuous monomer feeding approach. It is anticipated that this yields microgel particles with different internal structures, namely a dense core with a fluffy shell for the classical approach and a more even crosslink distribution in the case of the continuous monomer feeding approach. A thorough structural investigation of the resulting microgels with dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and small angle neutron scattering was conducted and related to neutron spin echo spectroscopy data. In this way a link between structural and dynamic features of the internal polymer network was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Witte
- Institute of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Vrijsen JH, Osiro Medeiros C, Gruber J, Junkers T. Continuous flow synthesis of core cross-linked star polymers via photo-induced copper mediated polymerization. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A convenient method to synthesize core cross-linked star polymers via a continuous flow photopolymerization process is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H. Vrijsen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Camila Osiro Medeiros
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
| | - Jonas Gruber
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Químca da Universidade de São Paulo
- CEP 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
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41
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Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, Pich A, D'hooge DR. Coupled stochastic simulation of the chain length and particle size distribution in miniemulsion radical copolymerization of styrene and N-vinylcaprolactam. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling is applied for the coupled simulation of the chain length and particle size distribution in isothermal batch miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene and N-vinylcaprolactam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V
| | | | - Andrij Pich
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
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