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Kuhwald C, Türkhan S, Kirschning A. Inductive heating and flow chemistry - a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:688-706. [PMID: 35821695 PMCID: PMC9235909 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inductive heating has developed into a powerful and rapid indirect heating technique used in various fields of chemistry, but also in medicine. Traditionally, inductive heating is used in industry, e.g., for heating large metallic objects including bending, bonding, and welding pipes. In addition, inductive heating has emerged as a partner for flow chemistry, both of which are enabling technologies for organic synthesis. This report reviews the combination of flow chemistry and inductive heating in industrial settings as well as academic research and demonstrates that the two technologies ideally complement each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kuhwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sibel Türkhan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Vilé G, Di Liberto G, Tosoni S, Sivo A, Ruta V, Nachtegaal M, Clark AH, Agnoli S, Zou Y, Savateev A, Antonietti M, Pacchioni G. Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry over a Heterogeneous Copper-Based Single-Atom Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maarten Nachtegaal
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschingsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschingsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yajun Zou
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm Science Park, Am Muehlenberg 1 OT, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm Science Park, Am Muehlenberg 1 OT, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm Science Park, Am Muehlenberg 1 OT, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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3
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Vafaeezadeh M, Schaumlöffel J, Lösch A, De Cuyper A, Thiel WR. Dinuclear Copper Complex Immobilized on a Janus-Type Material as an Interfacial Heterogeneous Catalyst for Green Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33091-33101. [PMID: 34247474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe a rational design of a heterogeneous catalyst composed of a dinuclear cuprate anion being immobilized electrostatically on one surface of Janus-type nanosheets while the other surface is decorated with highly hydrophobic octyl groups. The catalyst was found to be well dispersible in the organic phase of a biphasic aqueous/organic mixture. It was characterized by means of elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, N2 absorption-desorption analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and solid-state 13C and 29Si cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The Janus nature of the catalyst was investigated by employing a selective surface labeling method and by means of SEM. The catalyst shows higher activity compared to a non-Janus analogue in a biphasic synthesis. It was successfully used for the azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the Chan-Lam C-N coupling reaction. In addition, new and simple ways have been established for the production of a coumarin-triazole derivative and for the synthesis of the biologically active compound Monastrol via a solvent-free Biginelli reaction. The role of the dinuclear copper centers is discussed mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Vafaeezadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street 54, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Johannes Schaumlöffel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street 54, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Andrea Lösch
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street 54, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Annelies De Cuyper
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street 54, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Werner R Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street 54, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
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4
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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5
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Vilé G, Liu J, Zhang Z. Surface engineering of a Cu-based heterogeneous catalyst for efficient azide–alkyne click cycloaddition. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atomic-scale engineering of the copper active sites tunes the material performance in the regioselective synthesis of triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jiaxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Catalytic Chemistry and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Ganjingzi District, Linggong Road, 2116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Catalytic Chemistry and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Ganjingzi District, Linggong Road, 2116024 Dalian, China
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Wang FF, Li JH, Liu HY, Deng SP, Liu YY, Ma JF. Functionalized resorcin[4]arene-based coordination polymers as heterogeneous catalysts for click reactions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One Cu(i) and two Cd(ii) coordination polymers have been achieved using a 4-mercaptopyridine-functionalized resorcin[4]arene. 1 exhibits predominant efficiency and excellent recyclability for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles and β-OH-1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Hai-Yan Liu
- Key Lab of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology
- Yingkou 115014
- China
| | - Shu-Ping Deng
- Key Lab of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology
- Yingkou 115014
- China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Jian-Fang Ma
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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7
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He C, Cai X, Wei SH, Janotti A, Teplyakov AV. Self-Catalyzed Sensitization of CuO Nanowires via a Solvent-free Click Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14539-14545. [PMID: 33238708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in organic surface sensitization of metal oxide nanomaterials focused on two-step approaches with the first step providing a convenient functionalized chemical "hook", such as an alkyne functionality connected to a carboxylic group in prop-2-ynoic acid. The second step then took advantage of copper-catalyzed click chemistry to deliver the desired structure (such as benzyl or perylene) attached to an azide to react with the surface-bound alkyne. The use of this approach on CuO not only resulted in a successful morphology preserving chemical modification but also has demonstrated that surface Cu(I) can be obtained during the process and promote a surface-catalyzed click reaction without additional copper catalyst. Here, it is demonstrated that this surface-catalyzed chemistry can be performed on a surface of the CuO nanomaterial without a solvent, as a "dry click" reaction, as confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic investigations with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Computational studies provided instructive information on the interaction between the surface prop-2-yonate and azide functional group to better understand the mechanism of this surface-catalyzed click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xuefen Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Andrew V Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Lai J, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Development of Immobilized SPINOL-Derived Chiral Phosphoric Acids for Catalytic Continuous Flow Processes. Use in the Catalytic Desymmetrization of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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9
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Flow chemistry as a tool to access novel chemical space for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1547-1563. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective scrutinizes flow chemistry as a useful tool for medicinal chemists to expand the current chemical capabilities in drug discovery. This technology has demonstrated his value not only for the traditional reactions used in Pharma for the last 20 years, but also for bringing back to the lab underused chemistries to access novel chemical space. The combination with other technologies, such as photochemistry and electrochemistry, is opening new avenues for reactivity that will smoothen the access to complex molecules. The introduction of all these technologies in automated platforms will improve the productivity of medicinal chemistry labs reducing the cycle times to get novel and differentiated bioactive molecules, accelerating discovery cycle times.
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11
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12
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Supported Tris-Triazole Ligands for Batch and Continuous-Flow Copper-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of supported versions of the tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA) ligand, suitable for flow-chemistry applications at scale, prompted us to develop a new route for the immobilization of such tris-triazole chelating units on highly cross-linked polystyrene resins. With this aim, the preparation of the known TBTA-type monomer 3 was optimized to develop a high-yield synthetic sequence, devoid of chromatographic purifications at any stage. Then, bead-type (P7) and monolithic (M7) functional resins were obtained by the easy and scalable suspension- or mold-copolymerization of 3 with divinylbenzene. Both types of materials were found to possess a highly porous morphology and specific surface area in the dry state and could be charged with substantial amounts of Cu(I) or Cu(II) salts. After treatment of the latter with a proper reducing agent, the corresponding supported Cu(I) complexes were tested in the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The immobilized catalysts proved active at room temperature and, in batch and with catalyst loadings as low as 0.6 mol%, afforded quantitative conversions within 20 h. Independent of the alkyne structure, extended use of the supported catalyst in flow was also possible. In the reaction of benzylazide and propargyl alcohol, this allowed a total turnover number larger than 400 to be reached.
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Ramadurai M, Rajendran G, Bama TS, Prabhu P, Kathiravan K. Biocompatible thiolate protected copper nanoclusters for an efficient imaging of lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111845. [PMID: 32172137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report, the one-pot synthesis of water-soluble and biocompatible 3-mercaptopropylsulfonate (MPS) protected novel copper nanoclusters (CuNCs). Interestingly, the TEM image of MPS protected CuNCs exhibits an ultrasmall nanoclusters of particle size <2-nm, similar to its Au and Ag analogue. The hydrophilic and biocompability property of thiolate protected CuNCs. i.e., MPS stabilized CuNCs and its luminescent nature gave rise to maximum quantum yield of 1.5%. Further, as achieved CuNCs was investigated for haemocompatibility, cell viability and fluorescent microscopic analysis with A549 lung cancer cell line. Haemolytic study was examined using human RBCs in the concentration range of 4 to 22 μg/mL for which 7.5% of haemolysis was obtained for an optimum concentration of 22 μg/mL of CuNCs. The cell viability analysis was carried out by MTT assay using A549 lung cancer cells for the minimum (10 μg/mL) and maximum (45 μg/mL) concentration of CuNCs which reports 93.1% and 38.2% cell viability respectively. The inverted light microscopic images from the control and CuNCs treated (20 μg/mL) cells exhibited an excellent biocompatibility with a normal morphology. Upon increasing the concentration of CuNCs upto 45 μg/mL, the cell viability trends to decrease and the cell morphology also denature gradually. Further, the bio-imaging application of CuNCs was analyzed with A549 lung cancer cells. The efficient imaging with CuNCs treated (20 μg/mL) A549 cells resulted in a green colour emission using FITC filter (460- 490 nm). Thereby the obtained results confirm the applicability of CuNCs for the biomedical and cancer diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Ramadurai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Thangapandian Sathya Bama
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Pandurangan Prabhu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India.
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India.
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14
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Ma X, Shen Y, Yao S, Shu M, Si R, An C. Self-Supported Nanoporous Au 3 Cu Electrode with Enriched Gold on Surface for Efficient Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2. Chemistry 2019; 26:4143-4149. [PMID: 31800117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The key to the electrochemical conversion of CO2 lies in the development of efficient electrocatalysts with ease of operation, good conductivity, and rich active sites that fulfil the desired reaction direction and selectivity. Herein, an oxidative etching of Au20 Cu80 alloy is used for the synthesis of a nanoporous Au3 Cu alloy, representing a facile strategy for tuning the surface electronic properties and altering the adsorption behavior of the intermediates. HRTEM, XPS, and EXAFS results reveal that the curved surface of the synthesized nanoporous Au3 Cu is rich in gold with unsaturated coordination conditions. It can be used directly as a self-supported electrode for CO2 reduction, and exhibits high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.12 % toward CO at a potential of -0.7 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The FE is 1.47 times that over the as-made single nanoporous Au. Density functional theory reveals that *CO has a relatively long distance on the surface of nanoporous Au3 Cu, making desorption of CO easier and avoiding CO poisoning. The Hirshfeld charge distribution shows that the Au atoms have a negative charge and the Cu atoms exhibit a positive charge, which separately bond to the C atom and O atom in the *COOH intermediate through a bidentate mode. This affords the lowest *COOH adsorption free energy and low desorption energy for CO molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of, Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for, New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yongli Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of, Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for, New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of, Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for, New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Miao Shu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Rui Si
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Changhua An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of, Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for, New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
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15
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Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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