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Lan J, Chen S, Chen Z, Luo D, Yu C, Zeng L, Sun W, Zhang X, Yao X, Wu F, Chen J. Chemo-photodynamic antitumour therapy based on Er-doped upconversion nanoparticles coated with hypocrellin B and MnO 2. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213891. [PMID: 38781738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
An antitumour chemo-photodynamic therapy nanoplatform was constructed based on phospholipid-coated NaYF4: Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). In this work, the amphiphilic block copolymer DSPE-PEG2000 was combined with the surface ligand oleic acid of the UCNPs through hydrophobic interaction to form liposomes with a dense hydrophobic layer in which the photosensitizer hypocrellin B (HB) was assembled. The coated HB formed J-aggregates, which caused a large redshift in the absorption spectrum and improved the quantum efficiency of energy transfer. Furthermore, MnO2 nanosheets grew in-situ on the liposomes through OMn coordination. Therefore, a multifunctional tumour microenvironment (TME)-responsive theranostic nanoplatform integrating photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) was successfully developed. The results showed that this NIR-mediated chemo-photodynamic therapy nanoplatform was highly efficient for oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Lan
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China.
| | - Sisi Chen
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Dengwang Luo
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Lupeng Zeng
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Weiming Sun
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Xu Yao
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Fang Wu
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China.
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2
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Schroter A, Hirsch T. Control of Luminescence and Interfacial Properties as Perspective for Upconversion Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306042. [PMID: 37986189 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) light is highly suitable for studying biological systems due to its minimal scattering and lack of background fluorescence excitation, resulting in high signal-to-noise ratios. By combining NIR light with lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), upconversion is used to generate UV or visible light within tissue. This remarkable property has gained significant research interest over the past two decades. Synthesis methods are developed to produce particles of various sizes, shapes, and complex core-shell architectures and new strategies are explored to optimize particle properties for specific bioapplications. The diverse photophysics of lanthanide ions offers extensive possibilities to tailor spectral characteristics by incorporating different ions and manipulating their arrangement within the nanocrystal. However, several challenges remain before UCNPs can be widely applied. Understanding the behavior of particle surfaces when exposed to complex biological environments is crucial. In applications where deep tissue penetration is required, such as photodynamic therapy and optogenetics, UCNPs show great potential as nanolamps. These nanoparticles can combine diagnostics and therapeutics in a minimally invasive, efficient manner, making them ideal upconversion probes. This article provides an overview of recent UCNP design trends, highlights past research achievements, and outlines potential future directions to bring upconversion research to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schroter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Shapoval O, Větvička D, Patsula V, Engstová H, Kočková O, Konefał M, Kabešová M, Horák D. Temoporfin-Conjugated Upconversion Nanoparticles for NIR-Induced Photodynamic Therapy: Studies with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2694. [PMID: 38140035 PMCID: PMC10748036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles are interesting materials that have the potential for use in many applications ranging from solar energy harvesting to biosensing, light-triggered drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). One of the main requirements for the particles is their surface modification, in our case using poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and temoporfin (THPC) photosensitizer to ensure the colloidal and chemical stability of the particles in aqueous media and the formation of singlet oxygen after NIR irradiation, respectively. Codoping of Fe2+, Yb3+, and Er3+ ions in the NaYF4 host induced upconversion emission of particles in the red region, which is dominant for achieving direct excitation of THPC. Novel monodisperse PMVEMA-coated upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+,Fe2+ nanoparticles (UCNPs) with chemically bonded THPC were found to efficiently transfer energy and generate singlet oxygen. The cytotoxicity of the UCNPs was determined in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines Capan-2, PANC-01, and PA-TU-8902. In vitro data demonstrated enhanced uptake of UCNP@PMVEMA-THPC particles by rat INS-1E insulinoma cells, followed by significant cell destruction after excitation with a 980 nm laser. Intratumoral administration of these nanoconjugates into a mouse model of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma caused extensive necrosis at the tumor site, followed by tumor suppression after NIR-induced PDT. In vitro and in vivo results thus suggest that this nanoconjugate is a promising candidate for NIR-induced PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Shapoval
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Větvička
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vitalii Patsula
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Engstová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kočková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kabešová
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Mettenbrink EM, Yang W, Wilhelm S. Bioimaging with Upconversion Nanoparticles. ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2022; 3:2200098. [PMID: 36686152 PMCID: PMC9858112 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioimaging enables the spatiotemporal visualization of biological processes at various scales empowered by a range of different imaging modalities and contrast agents. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) represent a distinct type of such contrast agents with the potential to transform bioimaging due to their unique optical properties and functional design flexibilities. This review explores and discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations that UCNPs exhibit as bioimaging probes and highlights applications with spatial dimensions ranging from the single nanoparticle level to cellular, tissue, and whole animal imaging. We further summarized recent advancements in bioimaging applications enabled by UCNPs, including super-resolution techniques and multimodal imaging methods, and provide a perspective on the future potential of UCNP-based technologies in bioimaging research and clinical translation. This review may provide a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring and applying UCNP-based bioimaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Mettenbrink
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
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5
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Menilli L, Milani C, Reddi E, Moret F. Overview of Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for the Combination of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Chemotherapy at the Preclinical Stage. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184462. [PMID: 36139623 PMCID: PMC9496990 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present review represents the outstanding and promising recent literature reports (2017–2022) on nanoparticle-based formulations developed for anticancer therapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT), photosensitizers, and chemotherapeutics. Besides brief descriptions of chemotherapeutics’ classification and of PDT mechanisms and limitations, several examples of nanosystems endowed with different responsiveness (e.g., acidic pH and reactive oxygen species) and peculiarity (e.g., tumor oxygenation capacity, active tumor targeting, and biomimetic features) are described, and for each drug combination, in vitro and in vivo results on preclinical cancer models are reported. Abstract The widespread diffusion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for solid tumors is mainly limited by the patient’s adverse reaction (skin photosensivity), insufficient light penetration in deeply seated neoplastic lesions, unfavorable photosensitizers (PSs) biodistribution, and photokilling efficiency due to PS aggregation in biological environments. Despite this, recent preclinical studies reported on successful combinatorial regimes of PSs with chemotherapeutics obtained through the drugs encapsulation in multifunctional nanometric delivery systems. The aim of the present review deals with the punctual description of several nanosystems designed not only with the objective of co-transporting a PS and a chemodrug for combination therapy, but also with the goal of improving the therapeutic efficacy by facing the main critical issues of both therapies (side effects, scarce tumor oxygenation and light penetration, premature drug clearance, unspecific biodistribution, etc.). Therefore, particular attention is paid to the description of bio-responsive drugs and nanoparticles (NPs), targeted nanosystems, biomimetic approaches, and upconverting NPs, including analyzing the therapeutic efficacy of the proposed photo-chemotherapeutic regimens in in vitro and in vivo cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menilli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Celeste Milani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, ISOF-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (F.M.)
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6
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Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169003. [PMID: 36012269 PMCID: PMC9409402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Upconversion (UC) nanostructures, which can upconvert near-infrared (NIR) light with low energy to visible or UV light with higher energy, are investigated for theranostic applications. The surface of lanthanide (Ln)-doped UC nanostructures can be modified with different functional groups and bioconjugated with biomolecules for therapeutic systems. On the other hand, organic molecular-based UC nanostructures, by using the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) UC mechanism, have high UC quantum yields and do not require high excitation power. In this review, the major UC mechanisms in different nanostructures have been introduced, including the Ln-doped UC mechanism and the TTA UC mechanism. The design and fabrication of Ln-doped UC nanostructures and TTA UC-based UC nanostructures for theranostic applications have been reviewed and discussed. In addition, the current progress in the application of UC nanostructures for diagnosis and therapy has been summarized, including tumor-targeted bioimaging and chemotherapy, image-guided diagnosis and phototherapy, NIR-triggered controlled drug releasing and bioimaging. We also provide insight into the development of emerging UC nanostructures in the field of theranostics.
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7
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Ortega DD, Pavlakovich N, Shon YS. Effects of lipid bilayer encapsulation and lipid composition on the catalytic activity and colloidal stability of hydrophobic palladium nanoparticles in water. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21866-21874. [PMID: 36043067 PMCID: PMC9361304 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article shows the preparation of a lipid-nanoparticle assembly (LNA) which contains hydrophobic palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) within the hydrophobic regions of the liposomal micelles. To understand the colloidal stability and catalytic activity of LNAs, the structure–property relationships of LNAs are investigated by manipulating the lipid composition and reaction temperature. The studies of LNAs using dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show decreased colloidal stability with the incorporation of PdNPs compared to their counterpart 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) liposomes without PdNPs. LNAs with PdNPs catalyze the hydrogenation of 1-octene and its isomers to octane under one atm hydrogen gas and at room temperature within 24 h. The kinetic studies show that the isomerization of 1-octene to 2-octene occurs more favorably in the early stage of the reactions, which is followed by the subsequent hydrogenation of all octene isomers. The studies on temperature effects indicate that there is a significant increase in conversion yield of substrates when the reaction temperature increases from 22 to 37 °C, which correspond to room temperature and biological temperature, respectively. Phase transition of DSPC-PdNP LNAs from gel to liquid crystalline phase changing the fluidity of the bilayer is proposed to be the main reason for dramatic increases in the catalytic activity of the LNAs. It is also found that the rate of hydrogenation is dependent on the lipid composition of LNAs with the presence of cholesterol having a negative influence on the catalytic activity of LNAs while increasing their colloidal stability. Hydrophobic micellization effect and dynamic lipid bilayer–substrate interactions enhance the catalytic activity of hydrophobic Pd nanoparticles embedded in liposomal assemblies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick D Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
| | - Nicholas Pavlakovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
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8
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Bazylińska U, Wawrzyńczyk D, Kulbacka J, Picci G, Manni LS, Handschin S, Fornasier M, Caltagirone C, Mezzenga R, Murgia S. Hybrid Theranostic Cubosomes for Efficient NIR-Induced Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5427-5438. [PMID: 35333516 PMCID: PMC9047672 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lipid bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline nanoparticles known as cubosomes have been under investigation because of their favorable properties as drug nanocarriers useful for anticancer treatments. Herein, we present organic/inorganic hybrid, theranostic cubosomes stabilized in water with a shell of alternate layers of chitosan, single strand DNA (model genetic material for potential gene therapy), and folic acid-chitosan conjugate (the outmost layer), coencapsulating up-converting Er3+ and Yb3+ codoped NaYF4 nanoparticles and daunorubicin. The latter acts as a chemotherapeutic drug of photosensitizing activity, while up-converting nanoparticles serve as energy harvester and diagnostic agent. Cellular uptake and NIR-induced photodynamic therapy were evaluated in vitro against human skin melanoma (MeWo) and ovarian (SKOV-3) cancer cells. Results evidenced the preferential uptake of the theranostic cubosomes in SKOV-3 cells in comparison to uptake in MeWo cells, and this effect was enhanced by the folic acid functionalization of the cubosomes surface. Nanocarriers coloaded with the hybrid fluorophores exhibited a superior NIR-induced photodynamic activity, also confirmed by the improved mitochondrial activity and the most affecting f-actin fibers of cytoskeleton. Similar results, but with higher photocytotoxicity, were detected when folic acid-functionalized cubosomes were incubated with SKOV-3 cells. Taken on the whole, these results prove these hybrid cubosomes are good candidates for the photodynamic treatment of tumor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Bazylińska
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Wawrzyńczyk
- Advanced
Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giacomo Picci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari and CSGI, s.s. 554 bivio Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Livia Salvati Manni
- School
of Medical Sciences, School of Chemistry and University of Sydney
Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- ETH
Zurich Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Handschin
- ETH
Zurich Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marco Fornasier
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari and CSGI, s.s. 554 bivio Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Claudia Caltagirone
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari and CSGI, s.s. 554 bivio Sestu, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH
Zurich Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- ETH
Zurich
Department of Materials, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Murgia
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
of Cagliari and CSGI, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Arnau Del Valle C, Hirsch T, Marin M. Recent Advances in Near Infrared Upconverting Nanomaterials for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35447614 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment of cancer that uses the toxic reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen (1O2), generated by photosensitiser drugs following irradiation of a specific wavelength to destroy the cancerous cells and tumours. Visible light is commonly used as the excitation source in PDT, which is not ideal for cancer treatment due to its reduced tissue penetration, and thus inefficiency to treat deep-lying tumours. Additionally, these wavelengths exhibit elevated autofluorescence background from the biological tissues which hinders optical biomedical imaging. An alternative to UV-Vis irradiation is the use of near infrared (NIR) excitation for PDT. This can be achieved using upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) functionalised with photosensitiser (PS) drugs where UCNPs can be used as an indirect excitation source for the activation of PS drugs yielding to the production of singlet 1O2 following NIR excitation. The use of nanoparticles for PDT is also beneficial due to their tumour targeting capability, either passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or actively via stimuli-responsive targeting and ligand-mediated targeting (ie. using recognition units that can bind specific receptors only present or overexpressed on tumour cells). Here, we review recent advances in NIR upconverting nanomaterials for PDT of cancer with a clear distinction between those reported nanoparticles that could potentially target the tumour due to accumulation via the EPR effect (passive targeting) and nanoparticle-based systems that contain targeting agents with the aim of actively target the tumour via a molecular recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Arnau Del Valle
- University of East Anglia, School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, Regensburg, 93040, GERMANY
| | - Maria Marin
- University of East Anglia, School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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10
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Yaguchi M, Jia X, Schlesinger R, Jiang X, Ataka K, Heberle J. Near-Infrared Activation of Sensory Rhodopsin II Mediated by NIR-to-Blue Upconversion Nanoparticles. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:782688. [PMID: 35252344 PMCID: PMC8892918 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.782688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct optical activation of microbial rhodopsins in deep biological tissue suffers from ineffective light delivery because visible light is strongly scattered and absorbed. NIR light has deeper tissue penetration, but NIR-activation requires a transducer that converts NIR light into visible light in proximity to proteins of interest. Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are ideal transducer as they absorb near-infrared (NIR) light and emit visible light. Therefore, UCNP-assisted excitation of microbial rhodopsins with NIR light has been intensively studied by electrophysiology technique. While electrophysiology is a powerful method to test the functional performance of microbial rhodopsins, conformational changes associated with the NIR light illumination in the presence of UCNPs remain poorly understood. Since UCNPs have generally multiple emission peaks at different wavelengths, it is important to reveal if UCNP-generated visible light induces similar structural changes of microbial rhodopsins as conventional visible light illumination does. Here, we synthesize the lanthanide-doped UCNPs that convert NIR light to blue light. Using these NIR-to-blue UCNPs, we monitor the NIR-triggered conformational changes in sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpSRII), blue light-sensitive microbial rhodospsin, by FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR difference spectrum of NpSRII was recorded under two different excitation conditions: (ⅰ) with conventional blue light, (ⅱ) with UCNP-generated blue light upon NIR excitation. Both spectra display similar spectral features characteristic of the long-lived M photointermediate state during the photocycle of NpSRII. This study demonstrates that NIR-activation of NpSRII mediated by UCNPs takes place in a similar way to direct blue light activation of NpSRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momo Yaguchi
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaodan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, China
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Genetic Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, China
| | - Kenichi Ataka
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Klimkevicius V, Voronovic E, Jarockyte G, Skripka A, Vetrone F, Rotomskis R, Katelnikovas A, Karabanovas V. Polymer brush coated upconverting nanoparticles with improved colloidal stability and cellular labeling. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:625-636. [PMID: 34989749 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess great potential for biomedical application. UCNPs absorb and convert near-infrared (NIR) radiation in the biological imaging window to visible (Vis) and even ultraviolet (UV) radiation. NIR excitation offers reduced scattering and diminished autofluorescence in biological samples, whereas the emitted UV-Vis and NIR photons can be used for cancer treatment and imaging, respectively. However, UCNPs are usually synthesized in organic solvents and are not readily suitable for biomedical application due to the hydrophobic nature of their surface. Herein, we have removed the hydrophobic ligands from the synthesized UCNPs and coated the bare UCNPs with two custom-made hydrophilic polyelectrolytes (synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method). Polymers containing different amounts of PEGylated and carboxylic groups were studied. Coating with both polymers increased the upconversion (UC) emission intensity and photoluminescence lifetime values of the UCNPs, which directly translates to more efficient cancer cell labeling nanoprobes. The polymer composition plays a crucial role in the modification of UCNPs, not only with respect to their colloidal stability, but also with respect to the cellular uptake. Colloidally unstable bare UCNPs aggregate in cell culture media and precipitate, rendering themselves unsuitable for any biomedical use. However, stabilization with polymers prevents UCNPs from aggregation, increases their uptake in cells, and improves the quality of cellular labeling. This investigation sheds light on the appropriate coating for UCNPs and provides relevant insights for the rational development of imaging and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Klimkevicius
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Evelina Voronovic
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Greta Jarockyte
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Artiom Skripka
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650, boul. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Fiorenzo Vetrone
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650, boul. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Biophotonics Group of Laser Research Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9, c.3, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arturas Katelnikovas
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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12
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Liu YQ, Qin LY, Li HJ, Wang YX, Zhang R, Shi JM, Wu JH, Dong GX, Zhou P. Application of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for cancer treatment: a review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2207-2242. [PMID: 34533048 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the excellent ability to transform near-infrared light to localized visible or UV light, thereby achieving deep tissue penetration, lanthanide ion-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) have emerged as one of the most striking nanoscale materials for more effective and safer cancer treatment. Up to now, UCNPs combined with photosensitive components have been widely used in the delivery of chemotherapy drugs, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Applications in these directions are reviewed in this article. We also highlight microenvironmental tumor monitoring and precise targeted therapies. Then we briefly summarize some new trends and the existing challenges for UCNPs. We hope this review can provide new ideas for future cancer treatment based on UCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Liu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Qin
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Jiao Li
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yi-Xi Wang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jia-Min Shi
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Wu
- Department of Materials Science, School of Physical Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials & Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Gen-Xi Dong
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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13
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Bharmoria P, Bisht M, Gomes MC, Martins M, Neves MC, Mano JF, Bdikin I, Coutinho JAP, Ventura SPM. Protein-olive oil-in-water nanoemulsions as encapsulation materials for curcumin acting as anticancer agent towards MDA-MB-231 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9099. [PMID: 33907277 PMCID: PMC8079396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainable cellular delivery of the pleiotropic drug curcumin encounters drawbacks related to its fast autoxidation at the physiological pH, cytotoxicity of delivery vehicles and poor cellular uptake. A biomaterial compatible with curcumin and with the appropriate structure to allow the correct curcumin encapsulation considering its poor solubility in water, while maintaining its stability for a safe release was developed. In this work, the biomaterial developed started by the preparation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion using with a cytocompatible copolymer (Pluronic F 127) coated with a positively charged protein (gelatin), designed as G-Cur-NE, to mitigate the cytotoxicity issue of curcumin. These G-Cur-NE showed excellent capacity to stabilize curcumin, to increase its bio-accessibility, while allowing to arrest its autoxidation during its successful application as an anticancer agent proved by the disintegration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Meena Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria C Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia C Neves
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Igor Bdikin
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João A P Coutinho
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Wang S, Wang X, Yu L, Sun M. Progress and trends of photodynamic therapy: From traditional photosensitizers to AIE-based photosensitizers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102254. [PMID: 33713845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established clinical treatment technology which utilizes excitation light of a specific wavelength to activate photosensitizers (PSs) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to cancer cell death. Over the past decades of PDT research, progress have been made in the development of PSs. However, many inherent characteristics of traditional PSs have caused various problems in PDT, such as low treatment efficiency at aggregation state and shallow treatment depth. In solution to these problems, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based PSs have been reported in recent years. Here, this article reviews the design strategy and the biomedical applications of AIE PSs in detail, which begins with a summary of traditional PSs for a comparison between traditional PSs and AIE PSs. Subsequently, the different functional AIE PSs in photodynamic cancer cells ablation and image-guided therapy are discussed in detail taking controllable excitation wavelength, stimulus response and PDT/photothermal therapy synergistic effect as examples. These studies have demonstrated the great potential of AIE PSs as effective theranostic agents. And the review provides references for the development of new PSs and hopefully spur research interest in AIE PSs for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Coatings, Marine Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Mingliang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Coatings, Marine Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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15
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Garg P, Kaur G, Sharma B, Chaudhary GR. Fluorescein-Metal Hybrid Surfactant Conjugates as a Smart Material for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4674-4683. [PMID: 35025466 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively used as an effective alternative for the treatment of bacterial infection using photosensitizers (PSs) in the presence of appropriate light. However, the limitation in the effectiveness of PDT is because of the low yield of singlet oxygen from existing PSs because of their low solubility. Thus, we have developed a platform to enhance the solubility and the photodynamic activity of PSs against bacterial cells using metallosurfactants. Herein, we have used manganese metal-containing single- (MnC I) and double-chain metallosurfactants (MnC II) which show an interplay of electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions with fluorescein (FL) dye (as a PS) and when used in the presence of light enhances the PDT. These interactions play a significant role in enhancing the singlet oxygen generation efficiency of FL. MnC I and MnC II have shown good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. More interestingly, these metallosurfactants when combined with FL significantly enhanced the affectivity against S. aureus, wherein 100% killing was achieved. As compared to experiments performed in the dark, the metallosurfactant, by enhancing the solubility of FL, increases the formation of singlet oxygen upon light irradiation and thus increases cell death. Therefore, the synergistic effect of FL (light toxicity) and metallosurfactants (dark toxicity) defined excellent reduction in the colony formation of bacteria. These results were corroborated through field-emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, where the rupturing of the cell wall of bacterial cells was observed during this therapy. Moreover, the binding of metallosurfactants to the genomic DNA of S. aureus was also evaluated by gel retardation analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. The outcomes from this study will deliver formulations for PDT which can be used in clinical medical applications and cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bunty Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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16
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Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Y, Liu Y, Ju H. Activatable Photodynamic Therapy with Therapeutic Effect Prediction Based on a Self-correction Upconversion Nanoprobe. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19313-19323. [PMID: 32275130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Though emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for cancers, the crucial challenge for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is activatable phototoxicity for selective cancer cell destruction with low "off-target" damage and simultaneous therapeutic effect prediction. Here, we design an upconversion nanoprobe for intracellular cathepsin B (CaB)-responsive PDT with in situ self-corrected therapeutic effect prediction. The upconversion nanoprobe is composed of multishelled upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) NaYF4:Gd@NaYF4:Er,Yb@NaYF4:Nd,Yb, which covalently modified with an antenna molecule 800CW for UCNPs luminance enhancement under NIR irradiation, photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) for PDT, Cy3 for therapeutic effect prediction, and CaB substrate peptide labeled with a QSY7 quencher. The energy of UCNPs emission at 540 nm is transferred to Cy3/RB and eventually quenched by QSY7 via two continuous luminance resonance energy transfer processes from interior UCNPs to its surface-extended QSY7. The intracellular CaB specifically cleaves peptide to release QSY7, which correspondingly activates RB with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation for PDT and recovers Cy3 luminance for CaB imaging. UCNPs emission at 540 nm remains unchanged during the peptide cleavage process, which is served as an internal standard for Cy3 luminance correction, and the fluorescence intensity ratio of Cy3 over UCNPs (FI583/FI540) is measured for self-corrected therapeutic effect prediction. The proposed self-corrected upconversion nanoprobe implies significant potential in precise tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuling He
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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17
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Le XT, Youn YS. Emerging NIR light-responsive delivery systems based on lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:134-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Kuncewicz J, Dąbrowski JM, Kyzioł A, Brindell M, Łabuz P, Mazuryk O, Macyk W, Stochel G. Perspectives of molecular and nanostructured systems with d- and f-block metals in photogeneration of reactive oxygen species for medical strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Chen Y, Ren J, Tian D, Li Y, Jiang H, Zhu J. Polymer–Upconverting Nanoparticle Hybrid Micelles for Enhanced Synergistic Chemo–Photodynamic Therapy: Effects of Emission–Absorption Spectral Match. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4044-4052. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Di Tian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuce Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
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