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Zhu S, Fan J, Li Z, Wu J, Xiao M, Du P, Wang X, Jia L. Metal exsolution from perovskite-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1062-1071. [PMID: 38167745 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient and environmentally friendly devices for converting fuel into electrical energy. In this regard, metal nanoparticles (NPs) loaded onto the anode oxide play a crucial role due to their exceptional catalytic activity. NPs synthesized through exsolution exhibit excellent dispersion and stability, garnering significant attention for comprehending the exsolution process mechanism and consequently improving synthesis effectiveness. This review presents recent advancements in the exsolution process, focusing on the influence of oxygen vacancies, A-site defects, lattice strain, and phase transformation on the variation of the octahedral crystal field in perovskites. Moreover, we offer insights into future research directions to further enhance our understanding of the mechanism and achieve significant exsolution of NPs on perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Junde Fan
- Yueyang Yumeikang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yueyang, 414100, P. R. China
| | - Zongbao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Mengqin Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Pengxuan Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China.
| | - Lichao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Chen H, Lim C, Zhou M, He Z, Sun X, Li X, Ye Y, Tan T, Zhang H, Yang C, Han JW, Chen Y. Activating Lattice Oxygen in Perovskite Oxide by B-Site Cation Doping for Modulated Stability and Activity at Elevated Temperatures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102713. [PMID: 34658158 PMCID: PMC8596113 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Doping perovskite oxide with different cations is used to improve its electro-catalytic performance for various energy and environment devices. In this work, an activated lattice oxygen activity in Pr0.4 Sr0.6 Cox Fe0.9- x Nb0.1 O3- δ (PSCxFN, x = 0, 0.2, 0.7) thin film model system by B-site cation doping is reported. As Co doping level increases, PSCxFN thin films exhibit higher concentration of oxygen vacancies ( V o • • ) as revealed by X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation results suggest that Co doping leads to more distortion in FeO octahedra and weaker metaloxygen bonds caused by the increase of antibonding state, thereby lowering V o • • formation energy. As a consequence, PSCxFN thin film with higher Co-doping level presents larger amount of exsolved particles on the surface. Both the facilitated V o • • formation and B-site cation exsolution lead to the enhanced hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity. Excessive Co doping until 70%, nevertheless, results in partial decomposition of thin film and degrades the stability. Pr0.4 Sr0.6 (Co0.2 Fe0.7 Nb0.1 )O3 with moderate Co doping level displays both good HOR activity and stability. This work clarifies the critical role of B-site cation doping in determining the V o • • formation process, the surface activity, and structure stability of perovskite oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Chaesung Lim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Mengzhen Zhou
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Zuyun He
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Xiang Sun
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Yongjian Ye
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Ting Tan
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Environment and EnergyState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
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Zhou M, Liu J, Ye Y, Sun X, Chen H, Zhou D, Yin Y, Zhang N, Ling Y, Ciucci F, Chen Y. Enhancing the Intrinsic Activity and Stability of Perovskite Cobaltite at Elevated Temperature Through Surface Stress. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104144. [PMID: 34605170 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-based oxides attract great attention as catalysts for energy and environmental devices. Nanostructure engineering is demonstrated as an effective approach for improving the catalytic activity of the materials. The mechanism for the enhancement, nevertheless, is still not fully understood. In this study, it is demonstrated that compressive strain can be introduced into freestanding perovskite cobaltite La0.8 Sr0.2 CoO3- δ (LSC) nanofibers with sufficient small size. Crystal structure analysis suggests that the LSC fiber is characterized by compressive strain along the ab plane and less distorted CoO6 octahedron compared to the bulk powder sample. Accompanied by such structural changes, the nanofiber shows significantly higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and better stability at elevated temperature, which is attributed to the higher oxygen vacancy concentration and suppressed Sr segregation in the LSC nanofibers. First-principle calculations further suggest that the compressive strain in LSC nanofibers effectively shortens the distance between the Co 3d and O 2p band center and lowers the oxygen vacancy formation energy. The results clarify the critical role of surface stress in determining the intrinsic activity of perovskite oxide nanomaterials. The results of this work can help guide the design of highly active and durable perovskite catalysts via nanostructure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yongjian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Deng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yimei Yin
- Institute of Electrochemical & Energy Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yihan Ling
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
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Ma CJ, Li N, Chen LL, Chen H, Song WL. Strain Engineering in Electrochemical Activity and Stability of BiFeO 3 Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4104-4111. [PMID: 33885308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering is widely employed to manipulate the intrinsic relationship of activity and the crystal structure, while the mechanism and rational strategy toward high-performance devices are still under investigation. Here straining engineering is utilized to manipulate a series of a typical perovskite structures via introducing different types of heteroions (Bi1-xMxFeO3, M = Ca2+ or Y3+ ion). The space group R3c in BiFeO3 perovskites is found to be maintained with substituting a certain amount of heteroions at Bi3+ sites (<5%), while it would shift into either space groups P4mm (with Ca2+ substitute) or Pnma (with Y3+ substitute) beyond some critical doping amounts (>5%). Such a transformation is linked with the mismatched crystal strain induced by the heteroions substituted at Bi3+ sites, while the activity, stability, and energy storage capability of Bi1-xMxFeO3 have been essentially varied. The results offer a strategy for manipulating stability and activity of perovskites in electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jie Ma
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haosen Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei-Li Song
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Sun X, Chen H, Yin Y, Curnan MT, Han JW, Chen Y, Ma Z. Progress of Exsolved Metal Nanoparticles on Oxides as High Performance (Electro)Catalysts for the Conversion of Small Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005383. [PMID: 33538089 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing electricity and heat from renewable energy to convert small molecules into value-added chemicals through electro/thermal catalytic processes has enormous socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the lack of catalysts with high activity, good long-term stability, and low cost strongly inhibits the practical implementation of these processes. Oxides with exsolved metal nanoparticles have recently been emerging as promising catalysts with outstanding activity and stability for the conversion of small molecules, which provides new possibilities for application of the processes. In this review, it starts with an introduction on the mechanism of exsolution, discussing representative exsolution materials, the impacts of intrinsic material properties and external environmental conditions on the exsolution behavior, and the driving forces for exsolution. The performances of exsolution materials in various reactions, such as alkane reforming reaction, carbon monoxide oxidation, carbon dioxide utilization, high temperature steam electrolysis, and low temperature electrocatalysis, are then summarized. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of exsolution materials as high-performance catalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yimei Yin
- Institute of Electrochemical & Energy Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Matthew T Curnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zifeng Ma
- Institute of Electrochemical & Energy Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Tuning proton-coupled electron transfer by crystal orientation for efficient water oxidization on double perovskite oxides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4299. [PMID: 32855418 PMCID: PMC7453016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient and cost-effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is critical for many energy devices. While regulating the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process via introducing additive into the system has been reported effective in promoting OER activity, controlling the PCET process by tuning the intrinsic material properties remains a challenging task. In this work, we take double perovskite oxide PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ (PBSCF) as a model system to demonstrate enhancing OER activity through the promotion of PCET by tuning the crystal orientation and correlated proton diffusion. OER kinetics on PBSCF thin films with (100), (110), and (111) orientation, deposited on single crystal LaAlO3 substrates, were investigated using electrochemical measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and synchrotron-based near ambient X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results clearly show that the OER activity and the ease of deprotonation depend on orientation and follow the order of (100) > (110) > (111). Correlated with OER activity, proton diffusion is found to be the fastest in the (100) film, followed by (110) and (111) films. Our results point out a way of boosting PCET and OER activity, which can also be successfully applied to a wide range of crucial applications in green energy and environment.
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Liu X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Chen H, Li F, Liu P, Yu B, Wang X, Liu J, Chen Y, Liu M. Uncovering the Effect of Lattice Strain and Oxygen Deficiency on Electrocatalytic Activity of Perovskite Cobaltite Thin Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801898. [PMID: 30937267 PMCID: PMC6425498 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing cost effective electrocatalysts with high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity is essential for large-scale application of many electrochemical energy systems. Although the impacts of either lattice strain or oxygen defects on the OER performance of oxide catalysts have been extensively investigated, the effects of both factors are normally treated separately. In this work, the coupled effects of both strain and oxygen deficiency on the electrocatalytic activity of La0.7Sr0.3CoO3-δ (LSC) thin films grown on single crystal substrates (LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO)) are investigated. Electrochemical tests show that the OER activities of LSC films are higher under compression than under tension, and are diminished as oxygen vacancies are introduced by vacuum annealing. Both experimental and computational results indicate that the LSC films under tension (e.g., LSC/STO) have larger oxygen deficiency than the films under compression (e.g., LSC/LAO), which attribute to smaller oxygen vacancy formation energy. Such strain-induced excessive oxygen vacancies in the LSC/STO increases the eg state occupancy and enlarges the energy gap between the O 2p and Co 3d band, resulting in lower OER activity. Understanding the critical role of strain-defect coupling is important for achieving the rational design of highly active and durable catalysts for energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yunmin Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Fei Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Jiang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsGuangdong Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Meilin Liu
- Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA
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Chen H, Guo Z, Zhang LA, Li Y, Li F, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Yu B, Shi JM, Liu J, Yang C, Cheng S, Chen Y, Liu M. Improving the Electrocatalytic Activity and Durability of the La 0.6Sr 0.4Co 0.2Fe 0.8O 3-δ Cathode by Surface Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39785-39793. [PMID: 30372019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrode materials with high activity and good stability are essential for commercialization of energy conversion systems such as solid oxide fuel cells or electrolysis cells at the intermediate temperature. Modifying the existing perovskite-based electrode surface to form a heterostructure has been widely applied for the rational design of novel electrodes with high performance. Despite many successful developments in enhancing electrode performance by surface modification, some controversial results are also reported in the literature and the mechanisms are still not well understood. In this work, the mechanism of how surface modification impacts the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of perovskite-based oxides was investigated. We took La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) as the thin-film model system and modified its surface with additive Pr xCe1- xO2 layers of different thicknesses. We found a strong correlation between surface oxygen defects and the ORR activity of the heterostructure. By inducing higher oxygen vacancy concentration compared to bare LSCF, PrO2 coating is proved to greatly facilitate the rate of oxygen dissociation, thus significantly enhancing the ORR activity. Because of low oxygen vacancy density introduced by Pr0.2Ce0.8O2 and CeO2 coating, on the one hand, it does not boost the rate of ORR but successfully suppresses surface Sr segregation, leading to an enhanced durability. Our findings demonstrate the vital role of surface oxygen defects and provide important insights for the rational design of high-performance electrode materials through surface defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Advanced Materials , Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Lei A Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
| | - Yifeng Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Fei Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials , Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jian-Min Shi
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621000 , China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , PR China
| | - Meilin Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
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