1
|
Han S, Li S, Fu X, Han S, Chen H, Zhang L, Wang J, Sun G. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Polymer Porous Materials. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39046083 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors are in high demand in areas such as wearable devices, electronic skin, and human-machine interfaces due to their advantageous features, including low power consumption, excellent bending stability, broad testing pressure range, and simple manufacturing technology. With the advancement of intelligent technology, higher requirements for the sensitivity, accuracy, response time, measurement range, and weather resistance of piezoresistive sensors are emerging. Due to the designability of polymer porous materials and conductive phases, and with more multivariate combinations, it is possible to achieve higher sensitivity and lower detection limits, which are more promising than traditional flexible sensor materials. Based on this, this work reviews recent advancements in research on flexible pressure sensors utilizing polymer porous materials. Furthermore, this review examines sensor performance optimization and development from the perspectives of three-dimensional porous flexible substrate regulation, sensing material selection and composite technology, and substrate and sensing material structure design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- China Academy of Machinery Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection Company, Ltd., Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design & Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohui Sun
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banks JD, Emami A. Carbon-Based Piezoresistive Polymer Nanocomposites by Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: Process, Material Design, and Current Progress. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:e548-e571. [PMID: 38689914 PMCID: PMC11057547 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Advancement in additive manufacturing (AM) allows the production of nanocomposites with complex and custom geometries not typically allowable with conventional manufacturing techniques. The benefits of AM have led to recent interest in producing multifunctional materials capable of being printed with current AM technologies. In this article, piezoresistive composites realized by AM and the matrices and fillers utilized to make such devices are introduced and discussed. Carbon-based nanoparticles (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene/Graphite, and Carbon Black) are often the filler choice of most researchers and are heavily discussed throughout this review in combination with extrusion AM methods. Piezoresistive applications such as physiological and wearable sensors, structural health monitoring, and soft robotics are presented with an emphasis on material and AM selection to meet the demands of such applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Banks
- Materials Science, Engineering, & Commercialization, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Anahita Emami
- Mechanical Engineering, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Wu M, Ma W, Zhou X, Chen J, Ren Q, Li S, Xiao P, Wang L, Zheng W. Development of Eco-Friendly and High-Strength Foam Sensors Based on Segregated Elastomer Composites with a Large Work Range and High Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38032835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a high-strength piezoresistive foam with high sensitivity and a large workable range remains a major challenge. To realize these goals, we developed a facile, novel, and eco-friendly strategy for constructing segregated microcellular structures fabricated using coating, heat compression molding, and supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) foaming. The segregated poly(ether block amide) (PEBA)/carbon nanostructure (CNS) composites were fabricated via compression molding. This effectively improved the foamability and cell morphology of PEBA/CNS composites. Moreover, compared with the randomly distributed structure, the segregated structure also endowed the foams with better conductivity and sensing capability. Subsequently, the ScCO2 foaming was employed to fabricate segregated PEBA/CNS composite foams. The foaming gave composites a large compressibility and reduced their percolation threshold. Under 1 wt % CNS loading, via tuning the expansion ratio of foam from ∼2.1 to 4.1, the compression stress at 50% compression strain of foam varied from ∼3.3 to 0.5 MPa, and the conductivity changed from 4.89 × 10-3 to 1.93 × 10-6 s/m, implying a tunable conductivity. Additionally, the adjustable conductivity enabled the sensitivity of segregated composite foams to be regulated. The segregated PEBA/CNS foam (FCNS1-4.1) exhibited a good combination of high sensitivity (GF = 3.5), large work range (80% strain), and high compression strength (∼0.5 MPa at 50% strain) as well as a stable, reproducible, and durable sensing response under a low CNS content (∼0.11 vol %). Furthermore, the ΔI/I0 of FCNS1-4.1 (75.6% porosity) reached a high value of ∼810 and exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity of ∼3706 (Δ I / I 0 ε ) from 60 to 80% strain. Moreover, the foam sensor could be used as a sensing function sole for monitoring diverse human motions. Therefore, the segregated PEBA/CNS composite foams with outstanding piezoresistive performances show promising potential applications in monitoring human motions as wearable electronics and provides a new design strategy for a new generation of foam sensors with high performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng H, Yang F, Wang X, Feng E, Sun K, Hao L, Zhang X, Ma G. Rapid Radiation Synthesis of a Flexible, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Ionogel with Environmental Tolerance for Multifunctional Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37874752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels are increasingly used in flexible strain sensors, but it is still challenging to incorporate multifunctional properties such as flexibility, self-healing, adhesion, temperature resistance, and electrical conductivity. Herein, a facile and rapid one-step photoinitiated polymerization strategy is employed to prepare multifunctional ionogels by filling a hydrophobic and conductive ionic liquid into a flexible, hydrophobic fluoropolymer matrix. Thanks to the presence of abundant noncovalent interactions (hydrogen-bonding and ion-dipole interactions), the ionogels exhibit high transparency, excellent mechanical properties, self-healing ability, and adhesion. Moreover, rich C-F bonds in the fluoropolymer matrix can eliminate the interference of water molecules, resulting in excellent environmental tolerance such as high and low temperature resistance, waterproofness, and anticorrosion. Furthermore, the ionogel-based wearable strain sensor can sensitively detect and differentiate human movements and subtle muscle movements and serve as a Morse code signal transmitter for information transmission. The presented work provides an effective method to develop versatile flexible conductive ionogels for wearable devices and ionotronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Enke Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Kanjun Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Guofu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan B, Park SM, Ying WB, Yoon DK, Lee KJ. Azo-Functionalized Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Light-Driven Shape Memory Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200650. [PMID: 36350231 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers have great potential in the fields of soft robotics, injectable medical devices, and as essential materials for advanced electronic devices. Herein, light-triggered shape-memory thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is reported using azido TPU grafted by the photoswitchable azo compound. The trans-cis transitions of the azobenzene on the side chain of the TPU induce the recoiling of the main chain, leading to shaping memory behavior. Under UV irradiation, cis-azo allows the oriented main chain to recoil to release residual stress and realize light-triggered shape memory behavior. The facile method proposed here for the preparation of azo-functionalized TPU can provide viable opportunities for soft robotics and smart TPU applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Mo Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu L, Xiang D, Zhang X, Harkin‐Jones E, Wang J, Zhao C, Li H, Li Z, Wang L, Wang P, Li Y, Wu Y. Highly sensitive flexible strain sensor based on carbon nanotube/styrene butadiene styrene@ thermoplastic polyurethane fiber with a double percolated structure. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangxia Zhang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | | | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Li Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia J, Peng Y, Zha XJ, Ke K, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Janus and Heteromodulus Elastomeric Fiber Mats Feature Regulable Stress Redistribution for Boosted Strain Sensing Performance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16806-16815. [PMID: 36194701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have huge potential for applications in healthcare, human-machine interfacing, and augmented reality systems. However, the nonlinear response of the resistance signal to strain has caused considerable difficulty and complexity in data processing and signal transformation, thus impeding their practical applications severely. Herein, we propose a simple way to achieve linear and reproducible resistive signals responding to strain in a relatively wide strain range for flexible strain sensors, which is achieved via the fabrication of Janus and heteromodulus elastomeric fiber mats with micropatterns using microimprinting second processing technology. In detail, both isotropic and anisotropic fiber mats can turn into Janus fiber mats with periodical and heteromodulus micropatterns via controlling the fiber fusion and the diffusion of local macromolecular chains of thermoplastic elastomers. The Janus heterogeneous microstructure allows for stress redistribution upon stretching, thus leading to lower strain hysteresis and improved linearity of resistive signal. Moreover, tunable sensing performance can be achieved by tailoring the size of the micropatterns on the fiber mat surface and the fiber anisotropy. The Janus mat strain sensors with high signal linearity and good reproducibility have a very low strain detection limit, enabling potential applications in human-machine interfacing and intelligent control fields if combined with a wireless communication module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novikov IV, Krasnikov DV, Vorobei AM, Zuev YI, Butt HA, Fedorov FS, Gusev SA, Safonov AA, Shulga EV, Konev SD, Sergeichev IV, Zhukov SS, Kallio T, Gorshunov BP, Parenago OO, Nasibulin AG. Multifunctional Elastic Nanocomposites with Extremely Low Concentrations of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18866-18876. [PMID: 35418224 PMCID: PMC9052190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and flexible electronics has attracted broad attention over the last years. Nanocomposites based on elastomers and carbon nanotubes are a promising material for soft electronic applications. Despite the fact that single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) based nanocomposites often demonstrate superior properties, the vast majority of the studies were devoted to those based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) mainly because of their higher availability and easier processing procedures. Moreover, high weight concentrations of MWCNTs are often required for high performance of the nanocomposites in electronic applications. Inspired by the recent drop in the SWCNT price, we have focused on fabrication of elastic nanocomposites with very low concentrations of SWCNTs to reduce the cost of nanocomposites further. In this work, we use a fast method of coagulation (antisolvent) precipitation to fabricate elastic composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and SWCNTs with a homogeneous distribution of SWCNTs in bulk TPU. Applicability of the approach is confirmed by extra low percolation threshold of 0.006 wt % and, as a consequence, by the state-of-the-art performance of fabricated elastic nanocomposites at very low SWCNT concentrations for strain sensing (gauge factor of 82 at 0.05 wt %) and EMI shielding (efficiency of 30 dB mm-1 at 0.01 wt %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Novikov
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02015, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dmitry V. Krasnikov
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- (D.V.K.)
| | - Anton M. Vorobei
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 31, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav I. Zuev
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 31, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hassaan A. Butt
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor S. Fedorov
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Gusev
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Eugene V. Shulga
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan D. Konev
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Sergeichev
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Zhukov
- Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, 141700, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Tanja Kallio
- Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02015, Espoo, Finland
| | - Boris P. Gorshunov
- Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, 141700, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Olga O. Parenago
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 31, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert G. Nasibulin
- Skolkovo
Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- Aalto
University School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02015, Espoo, Finland
- (A.G.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trommer K, Gnanaseelan M. Impact of Short-Cut SWCF Yarn on Conductivity and Electrical Heatability of Silicone-MWCNT Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247841. [PMID: 34947435 PMCID: PMC8704329 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of MWCNTs in polymer systems up to the percolation range renders them electrically conductive. However, this conductivity is not high enough for heating applications in the low-voltage range (<24 V). The combination of nanoscaled MWCNTs with microscaled short SWCNT fibers that was investigated in this study causes an abrupt rise in the conductivity of the material by more than an order of magnitude. Silicone was used as a flexible and high-temperature-resistant matrix polymer. Conductive silicone coatings and films with SWCF contents of 1.5% to 5% and constant MWCNT contents of 3% and 5% were developed, and their electrical and thermal properties in the voltage range between 6 and 48 V were investigated. The electrical conductivity of 3% MWCNT composite materials rose with a 5% addition of SWCFs. Because of this spike in conductivity, output power of 1260 W/m2 was achieved, for example, for a 100 µm thick composite containing 3% MWCNT and 4% SWCF at 24 V with a line spacing of 20 cm. Thermal measurements show a temperature increase of 69 K under these conditions. These findings support the use of such conductive silicone composites for high-performance coatings and films for challenging and high-quality applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei Y, Zhou H, Deng H, Ji W, Tian K, Ma Z, Zhang K, Fu Q. "Toolbox" for the Processing of Functional Polymer Composites. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 34918192 PMCID: PMC8677876 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The processing methods of functional polymer composites (FPCs) are systematically summarized in “Toolbox”. The relationship of processing method-structure-property is discussed and the selection and combination of tools in processing among different FPCs are analyzed. A promising prospect is provided regarding the design principle for high performance FPCs for further investigation. ABSTRACT Functional polymer composites (FPCs) have attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to their great potential in delivering a wide range of functionalities. These functionalities are largely determined by functional fillers and their network morphology in polymer matrix. In recent years, a large number of studies on morphology control and interfacial modification have been reported, where numerous preparation methods and exciting performance of FPCs have been reported. Despite the fact that these FPCs have many similarities because they are all consisting of functional inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, review on the overall progress of FPCs is still missing, and especially the overall processing strategy for these composites is urgently needed. Herein, a “Toolbox” for the processing of FPCs is proposed to summarize and analyze the overall processing strategies and corresponding morphology evolution for FPCs. From this perspective, the morphological control methods already utilized for various FPCs are systematically reviewed, so that guidelines or even predictions on the processing strategies of various FPCs as well as multi-functional polymer composites could be given. This review should be able to provide interesting insights for the field of FPCs and boost future intelligent design of various FPCs. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuyu Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyi Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao Y, Wang M, Li Y, Sun Z, Liu Z, He L, Liu R. High-Adhesive Flexible Electrodes and Their Manufacture: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1505. [PMID: 34945355 PMCID: PMC8704330 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All human activity is associated with the generation of electrical signals. These signals are collectively referred to as electrical physiology (EP) signals (e.g., electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromyography, electrooculography, etc.), which can be recorded by electrodes. EP electrodes are not only widely used in the study of primary diseases and clinical practice, but also have potential applications in wearable electronics, human-computer interface, and intelligent robots. Various technologies are required to achieve such goals. Among these technologies, adhesion and stretchable electrode technology is a key component for rapid development of high-performance sensors. In last decade, remarkable efforts have been made in the development of flexible and high-adhesive EP recording systems and preparation technologies. Regarding these advancements, this review outlines the design strategies and related materials for flexible and adhesive EP electrodes, and briefly summarizes their related manufacturing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ye Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zilong Liu
- Division of Optics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Piezoresistive behavior of elastomer composites with segregated network of carbon nanostructures and alumina. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Malik S, Marchesan S. Growth, Properties, and Applications of Branched Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2728. [PMID: 34685169 PMCID: PMC8540255 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials featuring branched carbon nanotubes (b-CNTs), nanofibers (b-CNFs), or other types of carbon nanostructures (CNSs) are of great interest due to their outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. They are promising components of nanodevices for a wide variety of advanced applications spanning from batteries and fuel cells to conductive-tissue regeneration in medicine. In this concise review, we describe the methods to produce branched CNSs, with particular emphasis on the most widely used b-CNTs, the experimental and theoretical studies on their properties, and the wide range of demonstrated and proposed applications, highlighting the branching structural features that ultimately allow for enhanced performance relative to traditional, unbranched CNSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharali Malik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Quantum Materials and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Y, Zhang K, Geng Q, Nie M, Wang Q, Huang Z, Wu Z, Pi L. Helically Intersected Conductive Network Design for Wearable Electronic Devices: From Theory to Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11480-11488. [PMID: 33625833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable strain sensors are crucial components for wearable electronics that can detect and quantify the stimuli from the environment and thus realize the rapid feedback and control of smart devices. However, reconciliation of the conflict between resourceful design of conductive networks and large-scale production in the industry still faces a huge challenge. Herein, we present a new flow-manipulated strategy to prepare a wearable strain sensor featuring a helically intersected conductive network, which exhibited easy integration, multidimensional sensibility, and robust mechanical properties. From visualization of simulation and verification of experimental results, the helically intersected conductive network formed in an elastomer ring can simultaneously reflect the static and dynamic mechanical responses with a tunable gauge factor (10.41-31.12), wide linear region (0-40o), mechanical robustness (σs = ∼7 MPa, ε = ∼1400%), and rapid response time (∼300 ms). We further constructed a control system based on smart rings and demonstrated its application in controlling industrial robotic arms and remote-controlled cars. Looking ahead, this kind of a smart ring will be more widely used in space and underwater exploration, intelligent robotics, and human-machine interface technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhaoxia Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing; School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhenghao Wu
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lin Pi
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering; Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan province, Zigong 643000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Liu X, Schubert DW. Highly Sensitive Ultrathin Flexible Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Carbon Black Fibrous Film Strain Sensor with Adjustable Scaffold Networks. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:64. [PMID: 34138311 PMCID: PMC8187661 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recently years, high-performance wearable strain sensors have attracted great attention in academic and industrial. Herein, a conductive polymer composite of electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous film matrix-embedded carbon black (CB) particles with adjustable scaffold network was fabricated for high-sensitive strain sensor. This work indicated the influence of stereoscopic scaffold network structure built under various rotating speeds of collection device in electrospinning process on the electrical response of TPU/CB strain sensor. This structure makes the sensor exhibit combined characters of high sensitivity under stretching strain (gauge factor of 8962.7 at 155% strain), fast response time (60 ms), outstanding stability and durability (> 10,000 cycles) and a widely workable stretching range (0-160%). This high-performance, wearable, flexible strain sensor has a broad vision of application such as intelligent terminals, electrical skins, voice measurement and human motion monitoring. Moreover, a theoretical approach was used to analyze mechanical property and a model based on tunneling theory was modified to describe the relative change of resistance upon the applied strain. Meanwhile, two equations based from this model were first proposed and offered an effective but simple approach to analyze the change of number of conductive paths and distance of adjacent conductive particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Dr. Mack-Strasse 77, 90762, Fürth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu D, Wang Q, Feng D, Liu P. Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Poly(ethylene- co-octene)/Carbon Nanotube Foams Based on Tunable Conductive Network. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li H, Du Z. Preparation of a Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Strain Sensor of MXene/Silver Nanocomposite-Based Yarn and Wearable Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45930-45938. [PMID: 31714744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a wearable device, highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensors should be integrated to monitor various daily actions, which include large- and small-scale strains, such as jumping, running, heartbeat, and pulse. At present, the method of preparing strain sensors is mainly to impregnate or load materials like graphene, carbon nanotube, and their union products on elastic substrates to obtain highly sensitive characteristics. Both well-known carbon-based and other single-dimensional nanomaterials do not have high flexibility and conductivity, which limits the improvement of sensitivity. However, a novel material MXene Ti3C2Tx has a two-dimensional (2D) sheet structure, which allows for higher electron and ion transmission rates. In addition, it is easier to be combined with other nanomaterials as a nanosubstrate, greatly improving malleability. Hence, we creatively prepared zero-dimensional (0D)-one-dimensional (1D)-2D multi-dimensional nanomaterials, which designed 0D silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded on 2D MXene nanosheets and compounded with 1D silver nanowires (AgNWs). The method improves the elasticity and conductivity of traditional single-dimensional materials, wherein AgNPs built a bridge between AgNWs and MXene, which ensures continuity and a high gauge factor even at a large strain (200%) of yarn. The composite yarn strain sensor has a remarkably high strain and sensitivity, effectively monitoring the large and small deformations of various parts of the human body, whose fabric can be an electrothermal device. It has vital inspiration for the development of intelligent textiles, which would be used in medical devices, artificial skin, and other wearable fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqun Du
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of aspect ratio of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on the dispersion in ethylene-α-octene block copolymer and the properties of the Nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I. Design Strategy for Porous Composites Aimed at Pressure Sensor Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1903487. [PMID: 31583819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors have versatile biomedical engineering applications for disease diagnosis and healthcare. The fabrication of such sensors based on porous structure composites usually requires complex, costly, and nonenvironmentally friendly procedures. As such, it is highly desired to develop facile, economical, and environment-friendly fabrication strategies for highly sensitive lightweight pressure sensors. Herein, a novel design strategy is reported to fabricate porous composite pressure sensors via a simple heat molding of conductive fillers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powders together with commercially available popcorn salts followed by water-assisted salt removal. The obtained TPU/carbon nanostructure (CNS) foam sensors have a linear resistance response up to 60% compressive strain with a gauge factor (GF ) of 1.5 and show reversible and reproducible piezoresistive properties due to the robust electrically conductive pathways formed on the foam struts. Such foam sensors can be potentially utilized for guiding squatting exercises and respiration rate monitoring in daily physical training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Kai Ke
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou CG, Sun WJ, Jia LC, Xu L, Dai K, Yan DX, Li ZM. Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor with Porous Segregated Conductive Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37094-37102. [PMID: 31512856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors based on elastomeric conductive polymer composites (ECPCs) play an important role in wearable sensing electronics. However, the achievement of good conjunction between broad detection range and high sensitivity is still challenging. Herein, a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor was developed with the formation of porous segregated conductive network in the carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane composite via a facile and nontoxic compression-molding plus salt-leaching method. The strain sensor with porous segregated conductive network exhibited perfect combination of ultrawide sensing range (800% strain), large sensitivity (gauge factor of 356.4), short response time (180 ms) and recovery time (180 ms), as well as superior stability and durability. The integrated porous structure intensifies the deformation of segregated conductive network when tension strain is applied, which benefits enhancement of the sensitivity. Our sensor could monitor not only subtle oscillation and physiological signals but also energetic human motions efficiently, revealing promising potential applications in wearable motion monitoring systems. This work provides a unique and effective strategy for realizing ECPCs based strain sensors with excellent comprehensive sensing performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu Z, Ding C, Wei DW, Bao RY, Ke K, Liu Z, Yang MB, Yang W. Electro and Light-Active Actuators Based on Reversible Shape-Memory Polymer Composites with Segregated Conductive Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30332-30340. [PMID: 31355626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversible shape-memory polymers (RSMPs) show great potential in actuating applications because of its repeatability among many other advantages. Indeed, in many cases, multiresponsive RSMPs are more expected, and the strategy to introduce functional fillers without deteriorating the reversible deformation performance is of great importance. Here, a facile strategy to balance the electro, photothermal performance, and molecular chain mobility is reported. Segregated conductive networks of carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) are constructed in the poly(ethylene-co-octene) (POE) matrix at a relatively low filler loading, which renders the composite good electrical, photothermal, and actuating properties. A low percolation threshold of 0.25 vol % is achieved. The electrical conductivity is up to 0.046 S·cm-1 for the POE/S-CNT composites with 2 vol % CNT, and the absorption of light (760 nm) is above 90%. These characteristics guarantee that the actuator can be driven at low voltage (≤36 V) and suitable light intensity (250 mW·cm-2) with a good actuating performance. An electric gripper and a light-active crawling robot demonstrate the potential applications in multiresponsive robots. This work introduces a facile strategy to fabricate multiresponsive RSMPs by designing CNT network structures in polymer composites and holds great potential to enlarge the applications of RSMPs in many areas including artificial muscles and bionic robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Chao Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Dun-Wen Wei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 611731 , Sichuan , China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Zhengying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ke K, Sang Z, Manas-Zloczower I. Stretchable elastomer composites with segregated filler networks: effect of carbon nanofiller dimensionality. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2337-2347. [PMID: 36131959 PMCID: PMC9418453 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive elastomer composites (CECs) have great potential in wearable and stretchable electronic applications. However, it is often challenging to trade off electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility in melt-processed CECs for wearable electronic applications. Here, we develop CECs with high electrical conductivity and mechanical elasticity by controlling the segregated networks of carbon nanofillers formed at the elastomer interface. The carbon nanofiller dimensionality has a significant influence on the electrical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. For instance, 3D branched carbon nanotubes (carbon nanostructures, CNSs) have a very low percolation threshold (Φ C = 0.01 wt%), which is about 8-10 times lower than that of 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D graphene nanosheets (GNSs). Besides, the TPU/CNS system has a higher electrical conductivity than other fillers at all filler contents (0.05-2 wt%). On the other hand, TPU/CNT systems can retain high elongation at break, whereas for the TPU/GNS systems elongation at break is severely deteriorated, especially at a high filler content. Different electrical and mechanical properties in the TPU-based CECs enable potential applications in flexible conductors/resistors and stretchable strain sensors, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ke
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University 2100 Adelbert Road Cleveland OH 44106-7202 USA
| | - Zhen Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University 2100 Adelbert Road Cleveland OH 44106-7202 USA
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University 2100 Adelbert Road Cleveland OH 44106-7202 USA
| |
Collapse
|