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Jakhar M, Barone V, Ding Y. Theoretical insights into single-atom catalysts for improved charging and discharging kinetics of Na-S and Na-Se batteries. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12982-12991. [PMID: 38896041 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Dissolution of poly-sulfide/selenides (p-S/Ses) intermediates into electrolytes, commonly known as the shuttle effect, has posed a significant challenge in the development of more efficient and reliable Na-S/Se batteries. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) play a crucial role in mitigating the shuttling of Na-pS/Ses and in promoting Na2S/Se redox processes at the cathode. In this work, single transition metal atoms Co, Fe, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Rh supported in nitrogen-deficient graphitic carbon nitride (rg-C3N4) are investigated to explore the charging and discharging kinetics of Na-S and Na-Se batteries using Density Functional Theory calculations. We find that SAs adsorbed on reduced g-C3N4 monolayers are substantially more effective in trapping higher-order Na2Xn than pristine g-C3N4 surfaces. Moreover, our ab initio molecular dynamics calculations indicate that the structure of X8 (X = S, Se) remains almost intact when adsorbed on Fe, Co, Ir, Ni, Pt, and Rh SACs, suggesting that there is no significant S or Se poisoning in these cases. Additionally, SACs reduce the free energies of the rate-determining step during discharge and present a lower decomposition barrier of Na2X during charging of Na-X electrode. The underlying mechanisms behind this fast kinetics are thoroughly examined using charge transfer, bonding strength, and d-band center analysis. Our work demonstrates an effective strategy for designing single-atom catalysts and offers solutions to the performance constraints caused by the shuttle effect in sodium-sulfur and sodium-selenium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jakhar
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Veronica Barone
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- U.S. Army DEVCOM-GVSC, Warren, MI 48397, USA
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2
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Zeng L, Zhu J, Wang J, Huang L, Liu X, Lu W, Yu X. A lignin-derived flexible porous carbon material for highly efficient polyselenide and sodium regulation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11162-11170. [PMID: 35876457 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost and sustainable sodium-selenium (Na-Se) batteries are promising energy storage media for the advancement of electromobility and large-scale energy storage. However, the sluggish kinetics of Se cathodes and the unpredictable metal electrodeposition of Na at the anode remain critical challenges. In this work, we reveal the catalytic effect of atomic Fe on the conversion of polyselenides (SPSs) to Na2Se by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Then, we prepare a lignin-derived flexible porous carbon matrix loaded with atomic Fe (Fe-BC/rGO, BC: lignin-derived porous carbon material; rGO: reduced graphene oxide) as a Se host to further verify the DFT calculation results. Due to the encapsulation of Se into the porous carbon matrix, the catalytic effect of atomic Fe on the conversion of SPSs to Na2Se and the continuous electron/ion transportation path, the prepared Se@Fe-BC/rGO cathode can deliver a high reversible capacity of 213 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1, which is much better than the electrochemical performance of a Se cathode without atomic Fe loading (Se@BC/rGO). In addition, we further reveal the advantageous effect of the presence of the Fe-BC/rGO film in regulating the interfacial Na electrodeposition at the anode. Due to the porous structure and the catalytic effect of atomic Fe, a very low nucleation overpotential of 15.3 mV is achieved at a current density of 1 mA cm-2, which is much lower than that of the BC/rGO film. Therefore, this work provides a low-cost and sustainable strategy for simultaneously solving the challenges of the Se cathode and the Na metal anode for future Na-Se batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Zeng
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Licong Huang
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
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Asif M, Ali Z, Ali M, Rashad M. Investigating role of ammonia in nitrogen-doping and suppressing polyselenide shuttle effect in Na-Se batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:641-650. [PMID: 35305476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-ion battery (SIB) has attracted extensive research attention owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. Herein, we synthesize bio-waste-derived activated carbon (BAC) through a facile synthesis process followed by selenium loading (using melt-infusion method) to form BAC@Se composites. The synthesized BAC and its composite BAC@Se revealed excellent rate performance, great cycling stability, and good reversibility. The BAC revealed a maximum specific capacity of 257 mAh/g at 20 mA/g current density. The BAC@Se showed the maximum specific capacity of 701 mAh/g at 50 mA/g current density (equivalent to a specific energy of about 1051 WhKg-1/75 WKg-1) and good rate performance with 226 mAh/g specific capacity at a high current density of 2500 mA/g. Moreover, the composite revealed good cycling stability by retaining 348 mAh/g capacity at 500 mA/g after 500 cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties were attributed to the unique design of composites, which not only provided the physio-chemically trapped selenium but also ensure the fast kinetics of Na ions through interconnected 3-D channels and high restrain against the dissolution of polyselenides into an electrolyte. This work may shed light on recycling different bio-wastes into energy materials for energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zeeshan Ali
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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Huang X, Sun J, Wang L, Tong X, Dou SX, Wang ZM. Advanced High-Performance Potassium-Chalcogen (S, Se, Te) Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004369. [PMID: 33448135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current great progress on potassium-chalcogen (S, Se, Te) batteries within much potential to become promising energy storage systems opens a new avenue for the rapid development of potassium batteries as a complementary option to lithium ion batteries. The discussion mainly concentrates on recent research advances of potassium-chalcogen (S, Se, Te) batteries and their corresponding cathode materials in this review. Initially, the development of cathode materials for four types of batteries is introduced, including: potassium-sulfur (K-S), potassium-selenium (K-Se), potassium-selenium sulfide (K-Sex Sy ), and potassium-tellurium (K-Te) batteries. Next, critical challenges for chalcogen-based electrodes in devices operation are summarized. In addition, some pragmatic strategies are proposed as well to relieve the low electronic conductivity, large volumetric expansion, shuttle effect, and potassium dendrite growth. At last, the perspectives on designing advanced cathode materials for potassium-chalcogen batteries are provided with the goal of developing high-performance potassium storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, 2500, Australia
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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5
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Xiao F, Hu P, Wu Y, Tang Q, Shinde N, Liu Y. A MoSe 2/N-doped hollow carbon sphere host for rechargeable Na-Se batteries. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7705-7714. [PMID: 33982704 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-selenium (Na-Se) batteries are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for energy storage systems owing to their high energy density and natural abundance of Na resources. However, their drawbacks of low Se loading, dissolution of intermediate sodium polyselenides in the electrolyte and volumetric expansion of Se impede their real applications. To address these issues, herein, we report a multifunctional Se host with MoSe2 nanosheets coupled with nitrogen-doped porous carbon hollow spheres for the first time. The N-doped hollow carbon sphere structure could provide a large space for Se loading (Se content up to 72 wt%) and accommodate the volume expansion of Se species upon cycling. MoSe2 was chosen as a polar coupling component for the carbon matrix, owing to its low conversion reaction voltage. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the MoSe2 nanosheets coupled with hollow spheres could enhance the adsorption energy of the host to polyselenides chemically, which benefits the immobilization of polyselenides. Therefore, as a cathode for Na-Se batteries, the as-prepared composite exhibits excellent energy storage performance with long cycling life and superior rate performance. Our study of introducing transition metal selenides into Na-Se batteries may stimulate the designing of diverse Se-based cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Xiao
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Peng Hu
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yanni Wu
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, P. R. China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, P. R. China
| | - Qing Tang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, P. R. China.
| | - Nilesh Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renming Street, Changchun, China
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6
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Kim JK, Kang YC. Encapsulation of Se into Hierarchically Porous Carbon Microspheres with Optimized Pore Structure for Advanced Na-Se and K-Se Batteries. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13203-13216. [PMID: 32991145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-selenium (Na-Se) and potassium-selenium (K-Se) batteries have emerged as promising energy storage systems with high energy density and low cost. However, major issues such as huge Se volume changes, polyselenide shuttling, and low Se loading need to be overcome. Although many strategies have been developed to resolve these issues, the relationship between the carbon host pore structure and electrochemical performance of Se has not been studied extensively. Here, the effect of the carbon host pore structure on the electrochemical performance of Na-Se and K-Se batteries is investigated. N, S-co-doped hierarchically porous carbon microspheres with different pore structures that can incorporate a large amount of amorphous Se (∼60 wt %) are synthesized by spray pyrolysis and subsequent chemical activation at different temperatures. By optimizing the amount of micropore volume and micropore-to-mesopore ratio, high reversible capacity and cycling stability are achieved for the Se cathode. The optimized cathode delivers a reversible capacity of 445 mA h g-1 after 400 cycles at 0.5C for Na-Se batteries and 436 mA h g-1 after 120 cycles at 0.2C for K-Se batteries. This study marks the importance of developing conductive carbon matrices with delicately designed pore structures for advanced alkali metal-chalcogen battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Koo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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7
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Biomass-derived, 3D interconnected N-doped carbon foam as a host matrix for Li/Na/K-selenium batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wang X, Tan Y, Liu Z, Fan Y, Li M, Younus HA, Duan J, Deng H, Zhang S. New Insight into the Confinement Effect of Microporous Carbon in Li/Se Battery Chemistry: A Cathode with Enhanced Conductivity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000266. [PMID: 32227464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embedding the fragmented selenium into the micropores of carbon host has been regarded as an effective strategy to change the Li-Se chemistry by a solid-solid mechanism, thereby enabling an excellent cycling stability in Li-Se batteries using carbonate electrolyte. However, the effect of spatial confinement by micropores in the electrochemical behavior of carbon/selenium materials remains ambiguous. A comparative study of using both microporous (MiC) and mesoporous carbons (MeC) with narrow pore size distribution as selenium hosts is herein reported. Systematic investigations reveal that the high Se utilization rate and better electrode kinetics of MiC/Se cathode than MeC/Se cathode may originate from both its improved Li+ and electronic conductivities. The small pore size (<1.35 nm) of the carbon matrices not only facilitates the formation of a compact and robust solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) with low interfacial resistance on cathode, but also alters the insulating nature of Li2 Se due to the emergence of itinerant electrons. By comparing the electrochemical behavior of MiC/Se cathode and the matching relationship between the diameter of pores and the dimension of solvent molecules in carbonate, ether, and solvate ionic liquid electrolyte, the key role of SEI film in the operation of C/Se cathode by quasi-solid-solid mechanism is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yuqing Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zhixiao Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yuqin Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Mingnan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Hussein A Younus
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Junfei Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Huiqiu Deng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Shiguo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Tianma Rd. 27, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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Liu Y, Che Z, Lu X, Zhou X, Han M, Bao J, Dai Z. Nanostructured metal chalcogenides confined in hollow structures for promoting energy storage. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:583-604. [PMID: 36133219 PMCID: PMC9418480 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00753a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of progressive nanostructures with subtle construction and abundant active sites is a key factor for the advance of highly efficient energy storage devices. Nanostructured metal chalcogenides confined in hollow structures possess abundant electroactive sites, more ions and electron pathways, and high local conductivity, as well as large interior free space in a quasi-closed structure, thus showing promising prospects for boosting energy-related applications. This review focuses on the most recent progress in the creation of diverse confined hollow metal chalcogenides (CHMCs), and their electrochemical applications. Particularly, by highlighting certain typical examples from these studies, a deep understanding of the formation mechanism of confined hollow structures and the decisive role of microstructure engineering in related performances are discussed and analyzed, aiming at prompting the nanoscale engineering and conceptual design of some advanced confined metal chalcogenide nanostructures. This will appeal to not only the chemistry-, energy-, and materials-related fields, but also environmental protection and nanotechnology, thus opening up new opportunities for applications of CHMCs in various fields, such as catalysis, adsorption and separation, and energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Che
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xuyun Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosi Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Min Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Yang Z, Zhu K, Dong Z, Jia D, Jiao L. Stabilization of Li-Se Batteries by Wearing PAN Protective Clothing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40069-40077. [PMID: 31580051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries have recently attracted more and more attentions as new secondary battery systems due to the similarity but better performances than lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, the dissolution of selenium in electrolytes results in low selenium utilization, concentration polarization, inferior capacities, and unstable cycling performances. Herein, 46.58 wt% of selenium is loaded on carbon cloths through the calcination process, which were directly used as self-supporting cathodes. Carbonized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes produced by electrospinning are worn as the protective clothing between the cathode and separator to avoid the loss and dissolution of selenium. The stabilization of Li-Se batteries was enhanced by introducing two interlayers, as expected, they exhibit a stable reversible average capacity of 590 mA h g-1 during 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C (1 C = 675 mA g-1). No polyselenide formation is found during charging/discharging, and the effects of the introduced PAN interlayers on improving the stability and reducing the polarization of the assembled Li-Se batteries are confirmed by mechanistic characterizations. These regulated Li-Se batteries present great application potential in the future, and the design idea can also be promoted to explore other energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Kunjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Zihao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Dandan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Lifang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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