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Pidaparthy S, Luo M, Rodrigues MTF, Zuo JM, Abraham DP. Physicochemical Heterogeneity in Silicon Anodes from Cycled Lithium-Ion Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38660-38668. [PMID: 35973075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The severe capacity fade of lithium-ion cells with silicon-dominant anodes has hindered their widescale commercialization. In this work, we link cell capacity fade to the heterogeneous physicochemical evolution of silicon anodes during battery cycling. Through a multilength scale characterization approach, we demonstrate that silicon particles near the anode surface react differently from those near the copper current collector. In particular, near the anode surface we find an amorphized wispy silicon encased in a highly fluorinated matrix of electrolyte-reduction products. In contrast, closer to the current collector, the silicon retains more of its initial morphology and structure, suggesting the presence of isolated particles. The results show that the accessibility of active silicon to lithium ions varies across the anode matrix. Material and cell designs, which minimize electrode expansion resulting from the in-filling of pores with the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), are needed to enhance anode homogeneity during the electrochemical cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saran Pidaparthy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States of America
| | - Mei Luo
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States of America
| | - Marco-Tulio F Rodrigues
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel P Abraham
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States of America
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2
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Ulvestad A, Skare MO, Foss CE, Krogsæter H, Reichstein JF, Preston TJ, Mæhlen JP, Andersen HF, Koposov AY. Stoichiometry-Controlled Reversible Lithiation Capacity in Nanostructured Silicon Nitrides Enabled by in Situ Conversion Reaction. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16777-16787. [PMID: 34570977 PMCID: PMC8552487 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In modern Li-based batteries, alloying anode materials have the potential to drastically improve the volumetric and specific energy storage capacity. For the past decade silicon has been viewed as a "Holy Grail" among these materials; however, severe stability issues limit its potential. Herein, we present amorphous substoichiometric silicon nitride (SiNx) as a convertible anode material, which allows overcoming the stability challenges associated with common alloying materials. Such material can be synthesized in a form of nanoparticles with seamlessly tunable chemical composition and particle size and, therefore, be used for the preparation of anodes for Li-based batteries directly through conventional slurry processing. Such SiNx materials were found to be capable of delivering high capacity that is controlled by the initial chemical composition of the nanoparticles. They exhibit an exceptional cycling stability, largely maintaining structural integrity of the nanoparticles and the complete electrodes, thus delivering stable electrochemical performance over the course of 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Such stability is achieved through the in situ conversion reaction, which was herein unambiguously confirmed by pair distribution function analysis of cycled SiNx nanoparticles revealing that active silicon domains and a stabilizing Li2SiN2 phase are formed in situ during the initial lithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Ulvestad
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Marte O. Skare
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Carl Erik Foss
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Henrik Krogsæter
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 2, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jakob F. Reichstein
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Thomas J. Preston
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jan Petter Mæhlen
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Hanne F. Andersen
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Y. Koposov
- Department
of Battery Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Center
for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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3
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He Y, Jiang L, Chen T, Xu Y, Jia H, Yi R, Xue D, Song M, Genc A, Bouchet-Marquis C, Pullan L, Tessner T, Yoo J, Li X, Zhang JG, Zhang S, Wang C. Progressive growth of the solid-electrolyte interphase towards the Si anode interior causes capacity fading. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1113-1120. [PMID: 34326526 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), a layer formed on the electrode surface, is essential for electrochemical reactions in batteries and critically governs the battery stability. Active materials, especially those with extremely high energy density, such as silicon (Si), often inevitably undergo a large volume swing upon ion insertion and extraction, raising a critical question as to how the SEI interactively responds to and evolves with the material and consequently controls the cycling stability of the battery. Here, by integrating sensitive elemental tomography, an advanced algorithm and cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy, we unveil, in three dimensions, a correlated structural and chemical evolution of Si and SEI. Corroborated with a chemomechanical model, we demonstrate progressive electrolyte permeation and SEI growth along the percolation channel of the nanovoids due to vacancy injection and condensation during the delithiation process. Consequently, the Si-SEI spatial configuration evolves from the classic 'core-shell' structure in the first few cycles to a 'plum-pudding' structure following extended cycling, featuring the engulfing of Si domains by the SEI, which leads to the disruption of electron conduction pathways and formation of dead Si, contributing to capacity loss. The spatially coupled interactive evolution model of SEI and active materials, in principle, applies to a broad class of high-capacity electrode materials, leading to a critical insight for remedying the fading of high-capacity electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Tianwu Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Haiping Jia
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ran Yi
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dingchuan Xue
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Miao Song
- Physical and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Arda Genc
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Cedric Bouchet-Marquis
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Lee Pullan
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Ted Tessner
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Jinkyoung Yoo
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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4
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Ulvestad A, Reksten AH, Andersen HF, Carvalho PA, Jensen IJT, Nagell MU, Mæhlen JP, Kirkengen M, Koposov AY. Crystallinity of Silicon Nanoparticles: Direct Influence on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Ulvestad
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
| | - Anita H. Reksten
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
- Present address: SINTEF Industry Forskningsveien 1 0373 Oslo Norway
| | - Hanne F. Andersen
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
| | | | | | - Marius U. Nagell
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
| | - Jan Petter Mæhlen
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
| | - Martin Kirkengen
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
- Present address: Cenate AS Rakkestadveien 1 1814 Askim Norway
| | - Alexey Y. Koposov
- Department of Battery Technology Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) Instituttveien 18 2007 Kjeller Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN) Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033, Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
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6
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Tao Y, Yang N, Liang C, Huang D, Wang P, Cao F, Luo Y, Chen H. Phosphorus‐Functionalized Fe
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VO
4
/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Mesoporous Nanowires with Exceptional Lithium Storage Performance. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Tao
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Chennan Liang
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Dekang Huang
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Feifei Cao
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Yanzhu Luo
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of ScienceHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 PR China
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