1
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Lee J, Soltis I, Tillery SA, Lee SH, Kim H, Yeo WH. Long-term stable pH sensor array with synergistic bilayer structure for 2D real-time mapping in cell culture monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116223. [PMID: 38518561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pursuing accurate, swift, and durable pH sensors is important across numerous fields, encompassing healthcare, environmental surveillance, and agriculture. In particular, the emphasis on real-time pH monitoring during cell cultivation has become increasingly pronounced in the current scientific environment-a crucial element being diligently researched to ensure optimal cell production. Both polyaniline (PANi) and iridium oxide (IrOx) show their worth in pH sensing, yet they come with challenges. Single-PANi-layered pH sensors often grapple with diminished sensitivity and lagging responses, while electrodeposited IrOx structures exhibit poor adhesion, leading to their separation from metallic substrates-a trait undesirable for a consistently stable, long-term pH sensor. This paper introduces a bi-layered PANi-IrOx pH sensor, strategically leveraging the advantages of both materials. The results presented here underscore the sensitivity enhancement of binary-phased framework, faster response time, and more robust structure than prior work. Through this synergistic strategy, we demonstrate the potential of integrating different phases to overcome the inherent constraints of individual materials, setting the stage for advanced pH-sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ira Soltis
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sayre A Tillery
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hodam Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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2
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Fiore L, Mazzaracchio V, Gosti C, Duranti L, Vitiello R, Maccauro G, Arduini F. Functionalized orthopaedic implant as pH electrochemical sensing tool for smart diagnosis of hardware infection. Analyst 2024; 149:3085-3096. [PMID: 38712737 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In the orthopaedic surgery field, the use of medical implants to treat a patient's bone fracture is nowadays a common practice, nevertheless, it is associated with possible cases of infection. The consequent hardware infection can lead to implant failure and systemic infections, with prolonged hospitalization, time-consuming rehabilitation treatments, and extended antibiotic therapy. Hardware infections are strictly related to bacterial adhesion to the implant, leading to infection occurrence and consequent pH decreasing from physiological level to acid pH. Here, we demonstrate the new strategy to use an orthopaedic implant functionalized with iridium oxide film as the working electrode for the potentiometric monitoring of pH in hardware infection diagnosis. A functional investigation was focused on selecting the implant material, namely titanium, titanium alloy, and stainless steel, and the component, namely screws and implants. After selecting the titanium-based implant as the working electrode and a silver wire as the reference electrode in the final configuration of the smart sensing orthopaedic implant, a calibration curve was performed in standard solutions. An equation equal to y = (0.76 ± 0.02) - (0.068 ± 0.002) x, R2 = 0.996, was obtained in the pH range of 4-8. Subsequently, hysteresis, interference, matrix effect, recovery study, and storage stability were investigated to test the overall performance of the sensing device, demonstrating the tremendous potential of electrochemical sensors to deliver the next generation of smart orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiore
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Christian Gosti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Duranti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Vitiello
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Maccauro
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
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3
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Li Y, Kong Y, Hu Y, Li Y, Asrosa R, Zhang W, Deka Boruah B, Yetisen AK, Davenport A, Lee TC, Li B. A paper-based dual functional biosensor for safe and user-friendly point-of-care urine analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2454-2467. [PMID: 38644805 PMCID: PMC11060138 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Safe, accurate, and reliable analysis of urinary biomarkers is clinically important for early detection and monitoring of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as it has become one of the world's most prevalent non-communicable diseases. However, current technologies for measuring urinary biomarkers are either time-consuming and limited to well-equipped hospitals or lack the necessary sensitivity for quantitative analysis and post a health risk to frontline practitioners. Here we report a robust paper-based dual functional biosensor, which is integrated with the clinical urine sampling vial, for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of pH and glucose in urine. The pH sensor was fabricated by electrochemically depositing IrOx onto a paper substrate using optimised parameters, which enabled an ultrahigh sensitivity of 71.58 mV pH-1. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used in combination with an electrochemically deposited Prussian blue layer for the detection of glucose, and its performance was enhanced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), chitosan, and graphite composites, achieving a sensitivity of 1.5 μA mM-1. This dual function biosensor was validated using clinical urine samples, where a correlation coefficient of 0.96 for pH and 0.98 for glucose detection was achieved with commercial methods as references. More importantly, the urine sampling vial was kept sealed throughout the sample-to-result process, which minimised the health risk to frontline practitioners and simplified the diagnostic procedures. This diagnostic platform, therefore, holds high promise as a rapid, accurate, safe, and user-friendly point-of-care (POC) technology for the analysis of urinary biomarkers in frontline clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yingqi Kong
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yixuan Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Rica Asrosa
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Buddha Deka Boruah
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Tung-Chun Lee
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Bing Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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4
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Hu G, Diao Y, Cui S, Wang H, Shi Y, Li Z. An electrochemically cleanable pH electrode based on an electrodeposited iridium oxide-ruthenium oxide-titanium composite. Analyst 2024; 149:1327-1336. [PMID: 38259145 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Biological contamination is an important issue in environmental pH detection, and our prepared electrochemically cleanable electrode may be an effective solution. By electrodepositing an iridium oxide-ruthenium oxide composite on a titanium sheet substrate, the electrode shows a sensitivity of 59.4 mV per pH in the pH range of 2-12 with high reproducibility, low hysteresis, high selectivity and high stability. It is worth mentioning that the electrode was proved to be electrochemically cleanable from biological contamination. When the cleaning time was 30 minutes, the electrode sensitivity rose from 50 to 58 mV per pH. Furthermore, the pH sensor, assembled from the prepared iridium-ruthenium oxide electrode and a home-made Ag/AgCl electrode, has similar electrode properties to those of commercial glass electrodes, but is also mechanically strong and electrochemically cleanable, which is promising for long-term deployment in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yongxing Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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5
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Taheri M, Ketabi M, Al Shboul AM, Mahinnezhad S, Izquierdo R, Deen MJ. Integrated pH Sensors Based on RuO 2/GO Nanocomposites Fabricated Using the Aerosol Jet Printing Method. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46794-46803. [PMID: 38107955 PMCID: PMC10720306 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
An aerosol jet printing (AJP) process for depositing ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) as a promising material for pH sensing is reported. Graphene oxide (GO) with a large surface area was used for the in situ sol-gel deposition of RuO2 nanoparticles on its surface. The cosolvent ratio and solid loading of the solution are adjusted to form a printable and stable ink. The monodispersed aerosol was atomized on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode in order to develop an integrated pH sensor. The RuO2-GO pH sensor demonstrates excellent performance, with a rapid response time of less than 5 s and high sensitivity in the pH range of 4-10. Compared to traditional carbon electrodes, the RuO2-GO sensor shows up to four times higher sensitivity. The increased sensitivity is a result of the consistent attachment of small-crystallized RuO2 nanoparticles onto the surface of GO sheets, leading to a synergistic effect. Thanks to the AJP method as a facile and cost-effective integration technique, the fabricated electrodes can serve as an alternative to traditional rigid pH electrodes for accurate pH measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Taheri
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Mohsen Ketabi
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, École
de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Ahmad M. Al Shboul
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, École
de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Shirin Mahinnezhad
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, École
de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Ricardo Izquierdo
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, École
de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
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6
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Ashton R, Silver CD, Bird TW, Coulson B, Pratt A, Johnson S. Enhancing the repeatability and sensitivity of low-cost PCB, pH-sensitive field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115150. [PMID: 36821993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Discrete, extended gate pH-sensitive field-effect transistors (dEGFETs) fabricated on printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a low-cost, simple to manufacture analytical technology that can be applied to a wide range of applications. Electrodeposited iridium oxide (IrOx) films have emerged as promising pH-sensitive layers owing to their theoretically high pH sensitivity and facile deposition, but typically exhibit low pH sensitivity or lack reproducibility. Moreover, to date, a combined IrOx and dEGFET PCB system has not yet been realised. In this study, we demonstrate a dEGFET pH sensor based on an extended gate manufactured on PCB that is rendered pH sensitive through an electrodeposited IrOx film, which can reliably and repeatably display beyond-Nernstian pH response. Using a combination of complementary surface analysis techniques, we show that the high pH sensitivity and repeatability of the dEGFETs are dependent on both the chemical composition and critically the uniformity of the IrOx film. The IrOx film uniformity can be enhanced through electrochemical polishing of the extended gate electrode prior to electrodeposition, leading to dEGFETs that exhibit a median pH sensitivity of 70.7 ± 5 mV/pH (n = 56) compared to only 31.3 ± 14 mV/pH (n = 31) for IrOx electrodeposited on non-polished PCB electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these devices by demonstrating the detection and quantification of ampicillin due to β-Lactamase enzyme activity, thus laying the foundation for cheap and ubiquitous sensors which can be applied to a range of global challenges across healthcare and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Ashton
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Callum D Silver
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Toby W Bird
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Ben Coulson
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Andrew Pratt
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Steven Johnson
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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7
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Kralj M, Krivačić S, Ivanišević I, Zubak M, Supina A, Marciuš M, Halasz I, Kassal P. Conductive Inks Based on Melamine Intercalated Graphene Nanosheets for Inkjet Printed Flexible Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172936. [PMID: 36079974 PMCID: PMC9457697 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the growing number of flexible electronics applications, environmentally benign ways of mass-producing graphene electronics are sought. In this study, we present a scalable mechanochemical route for the exfoliation of graphite in a planetary ball mill with melamine to form melamine-intercalated graphene nanosheets (M-GNS). M-GNS morphology was evaluated, revealing small particles, down to 14 nm in diameter and 0.4 nm thick. The M-GNS were used as a functional material in the formulation of an inkjet-printable conductive ink, based on green solvents: water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. The ink satisfied restrictions regarding stability and nanoparticle size; in addition, it was successfully inkjet printed on plastic sheets. Thermal and photonic post-print processing were evaluated as a means of reducing the electrical resistance of the printed features. Minimal sheet resistance values (5 kΩ/sq for 10 printed layers and 626 Ω/sq for 20 printed layers) were obtained on polyimide sheets, after thermal annealing for 1 h at 400 °C and a subsequent single intense pulsed light flash. Lastly, a proof-of-concept simple flexible printed circuit consisting of a battery-powered LED was realized. The demonstrated approach presents an environmentally friendly alternative to mass-producing graphene-based printed flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kralj
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Krivačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ivanišević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Zubak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Supina
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Marciuš
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kassal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Zhao H, Su R, Teng L, Tian Q, Han F, Li H, Cao Z, Xie R, Li G, Liu X, Liu Z. Recent advances in flexible and wearable sensors for monitoring chemical molecules. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1653-1669. [PMID: 35040855 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, real-time health management has received increasing attention, benefiting from the rapid development of flexible and wearable devices. Conventionally, flexible and wearable devices are used for collecting health data such as electrophysiological signals, blood pressure, heart rate, etc. The monitoring of chemical factors has shown growing significance, providing the basis for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, in order to understand the health status of the human body more comprehensively and accurately, researchers in the community have started putting effort into developing wearable devices for monitoring chemical factors. Progressively, more flexible chemical sensors with wearable real-time health-monitoring functionality have been developed thanks to advances relating to wireless communications and flexible electronics. In this review, we describe the variety of chemical molecules and information that can currently be monitored, including pH levels, glucose, lactate, uric acid, ion levels, cytokines, nutrients, and other biomarkers. This review analyzes the pros and cons of the most advanced wearable chemical sensors in terms of wearability. At the end of this review, we discuss the current challenges and development trends relating to flexible and wearable chemical sensors from the aspects of materials, electrode designs, and soft-hard interface connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Rui Su
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lijun Teng
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Qiong Tian
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Fei Han
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hanfei Li
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Zhengshuai Cao
- Center for Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ruijie Xie
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Guanglin Li
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xijian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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9
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Luitz M, Lunzer M, Goralczyk A, Mader M, Bhagwat S, Warmbold A, Helmer D, Kotz F, Rapp BE. High Resolution Patterning of an Organic-Inorganic Photoresin for the Fabrication of Platinum Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101992. [PMID: 34337801 PMCID: PMC11469048 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) is an interesting material for many applications due to its high chemical resilience, outstanding catalytic activity, high electrical conductivity, and high melting point. However, microstructuring and especially 3D microstructuring of platinum is a complex process, based on expensive and specialized equipment often suffering from very slow processing speeds. In this work, organic-inorganic photoresins, which can be structured using direct optical lithography as well as two-photon lithography (TPL) with submicrometer resolution and high-throughput is presented. The printed structures are subsequently converted to high-purity platinum using thermal debinding of the binder and reduction of the salt. With this technique, complex 3D structures with a 3D resolution of 300 nm were fabricated. At a layer thickness of 35 nm, the patterns reach a high conductivity of 67% compared to bulk platinum. Microheaters, thermocouple sensors as well as a Lab-on-a-Chip system are presented as exemplary applications. This technology will enable a broad range of application from electronics, sensing and heating elements to 3D photonics and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Luitz
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
| | | | - Andreas Goralczyk
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
| | - Markus Mader
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
| | - Sagar Bhagwat
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Warmbold
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Dorothea Helmer
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Frederik Kotz
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process TechnologyNeptunLabDepartment of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10379110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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10
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Zea M, Texidó R, Villa R, Borrós S, Gabriel G. Specially Designed Polyaniline/Polypyrrole Ink for a Fully Printed Highly Sensitive pH Microsensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33524-33535. [PMID: 34227800 PMCID: PMC8397255 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
pH sensing for healthcare applications requires sensors with mechanically stable materials of high sensitivity and high reproducibility combined with low-cost fabrication technologies. This work proposes a fully printed pH sensor based on a specially formulated conducting polymer deposited on a microelectrode in a flexible substrate. A formulation, which combined polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) with integrated polyelectrolyte poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), was specially prepared to be printed by inkjet printing (IJP). The sensor has good sensitivity in the physiological region (pH 7-7.5) key for the healthcare biosensor. This mixture printed over a commercial gold ink, which has a singular chemical functionalization with phthalocyanine (Pc), increased the sensor sensitivity, showing an excellent reproducibility with a linear super-Nernstian response (81.2 ± 0.5 mV/pH unit) in a wide pH range (pH 3-10). This new ink together with the IJP low-cost technique opens new opportunities for pH sensing in the healthcare field with a single device, which is disposable, highly sensitive, and stable in the whole pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Zea
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- PhD
in Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Texidó
- Grup
d’Enginyeria de Materials, Institut
Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, vía Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup
d’Enginyeria de Materials, Institut
Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, vía Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Gabriel
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
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Marrero D, Pujol-Vila F, Vera D, Gabriel G, Illa X, Elizalde-Torrent A, Alvarez M, Villa R. Gut-on-a-chip: Mimicking and monitoring the human intestine. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Optimizing Aerosol Jet Printing Process of Platinum Ink for High-Resolution Conductive Microstructures on Ceramic and Polymer Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060918. [PMID: 33809782 PMCID: PMC8002352 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Printing nano-ink with platinum nanoparticles to generate conductive microstructures for electronics on different types of substrates has gained increasing interest in recent years. To solve the problem of the low conductivity of platinum (Pt) nano-ink, we synthesized chemically pure Pt nanoparticles with sizes of 18.2 ± 9.0 nm by spark discharge method. A low toxic solvent, ethylene glycol with water, was used to ensure the aggregation stability of Pt nanoparticles. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as an adhesive additive and binder in the nano-ink. Narrow and conductive Pt lines were generated by aerosol jet printing technology. The resistivity of the Pt lines sintered at 750 °C on alumina substrate was found to exceed the bulk Pt by about 13%. Moreover, the Pt film fabricated on polymer substrates has demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility in terms of twisting tests.
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13
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Fabrication of a 3D-Printed Porous Junction for Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl Reference Electrode. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing method that is attracting increased interest in the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems due to its versatility, low cost, reproducibility, and capability for rapid prototyping. A key component of miniaturized electrochemical systems is the reference electrode (RE). However, reports of the fabrication of a true 3D-printed RE that exhibits stability to variations in the sample matrix remain limited. In this work, we report the development and characterization of a 3D-printed Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl reference electrode (3D-RE). The RE was constructed using a Ag|AgCl wire and agar-KCl layer housed in a watertight 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) casing. The novel feature of our electrode is a 3D-printed porous junction that protects the gel electrolyte layer from chloride ion leakage and test sample contamination while maintaining electrical contact with the sample solution. By tuning the 3D printing filament extrusion ratio (k), the porosity of the junction was adjusted to balance the reference electrode potential stability and impedance. The resulting 3D-RE demonstrated a stable potential, with a potential drift of 4.55 ± 0.46 mV over a 12-h period of continuous immersion in 0.1 M KCl, and a low impedance of 0.50 ± 0.11 kΩ. The 3D-RE was also insensitive to variations in the sample matrix and maintained a stable potential for at least 30 days under proper storage in 3 M KCl. We demonstrate the application of this 3D-RE in cyclic voltammetry and in pH sensing coupled with electrodeposited iridium oxide on a gold electrode. Our method offers a viable strategy for 3D printing a customizable true reference electrode that can be readily fabricated on demand and integrated into 3D-printed miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems.
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Zhou L, Cheng C, Li X, Ding J, Liu Q, Su B. Nanochannel Templated Iridium Oxide Nanostructures for Wide-Range pH Sensing from Solutions to Human Skin Surface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3844-3851. [PMID: 32043863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the fabrication of highly sensitive solid-state pH sensors based on iridium oxide nanowires (IONWs) for a wide-range of pH measurements. IONWs were confined electrodeposits on the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using a highly ordered silica nanochannel membrane as the template. Subsequently removing the template produced amorphous IONWs consisting of hydrated iridium oxyhydroxides. The IONW/ITO sensor can rapidly respond to the pH of the aqueous solutions in a wide range (from 0 to 13), avoiding the acid and alkaline errors encountered by conventional pH electrodes and exhibiting a super-Nernst analytical sensitivity as high as 235.5 mV/pH in the very acidic range of ∼0-2.5 and 90.1 mV/pH beyond (pH = ∼2.5-13). The sensitivity was associated with the interconversion of oxidation states of iridium oxyhydroxides. While in the very acidic range, intercalation of Cl- was proved to be responsible for the exceptionally high pH sensitivity. Moreover, the sensor was also demonstrated to work in organic solutions too. Finally, the flexible IONW/ITO electrode was prepared and interfaced to a wireless electrochemical device for real-time epidermal pH analysis with smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialian Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Moya A, Pol R, Martínez-Cuadrado A, Villa R, Gabriel G, Baeza M. Stable Full-Inkjet-Printed Solid-State Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15539-15546. [PMID: 31730335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With a growing demand for the availability of inexpensive, simple, and rapid prototyped devices, the prospect of miniaturization of the reference electrodes using printing techniques becomes promising. A stable and reusable full-inkjet-printed solid-state reference electrode (IPRE) was developed. The reference electrode was fully produced by consecutive inkjet printing of several layers. Ag ink was printed and chlorinated by NaClO printing, forming a Ag/AgCl pseudoreference electrode. Then a surface protection by printing a Cl--saturated polyvinyl butyral membrane finally gave a reference electrode that demonstrated an outstanding performance comparable to commercial ones. This full inkjet printing fabrication strategy will improve the viability of producing low-cost miniaturized reference electrodes with interest in many electrochemical sensor-dependent areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moya
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona , IMB-CNM (CSIC) , Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Roberto Pol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Carrer dels Til·lers , 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona , Spain.,GENOCOV Research Group , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona , Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Cuadrado
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Carrer dels Til·lers , 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona , IMB-CNM (CSIC) , Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Gemma Gabriel
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona , IMB-CNM (CSIC) , Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mireia Baeza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Carrer dels Til·lers , 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona , Spain.,GENOCOV Research Group , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona , Spain
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A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214747. [PMID: 31683828 PMCID: PMC6864660 DOI: 10.3390/s19214747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel sensing device for simultaneous dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH monitoring specially designed for biofilm profiling is presented in this work. This device enabled the recording of instantaneous DO and pH dynamic profiles within biofilms, improving the tools available for the study and the characterization of biological systems. The microsensor consisted of two parallel arrays of microelectrodes. Microelectrodes used for DO sensing were bare gold electrodes, while microelectrodes used for pH sensing were platinum-based electrodes modified using electrodeposited iridium oxide. The device was fabricated with a polyimide (Kapton®) film of 127 µm as a substrate for minimizing the damage caused on the biofilm structure during its insertion. The electrodes were covered with a Nafion® layer to increase sensor stability and repeatability and to avoid electrode surface fouling. DO microelectrodes showed a linear response in the range 0–8 mg L−1, a detection limit of 0.05 mg L−1, and a sensitivity of 2.06 nA L mg−1. pH electrodes showed a linear super-Nernstian response (74.2 ± 0.7 mV/pH unit) in a wide pH range (pH 4−9). The multi-analyte sensor array was validated in a flat plate bioreactor where simultaneous and instantaneous pH and DO profiles within a sulfide oxidizing biofilm were recorded. The electrodes spatial resolution, the monitoring sensitivity, and the minimally invasive features exhibited by the proposed microsensor improved biofilm monitoring performance, enabling the quantification of mass transfer resistances and the assessment of biological activity.
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