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Chiang CH, Lin CC, Lin YC, Huang CY, Lin CH, Chen YJ, Ko TR, Wu HL, Tzeng WY, Ho SZ, Chen YC, Ho CH, Yang CJ, Cyue ZW, Dong CL, Luo CW, Chen CC, Chen CW. Manipulating Ferroelectric Polarization and Spin Polarization of 2D CuInP 2S 6 Crystals for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39049154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating electronic polarizations such as ferroelectric or spin polarizations has recently emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions. This study demonstrates the control of electronic polarizations modulated by ferroelectric and magnetic approaches within a two-dimensional (2D) layered crystal of copper indium thiophosphate (CuInP2S6) to boost the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. We investigate the substantial influence of ferroelectric polarization on the photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency, utilizing the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and polarization alignment through electrical poling. Additionally, we explore enhancing the CO2 reduction efficiency by harnessing spin electrons through the synergistic introduction of sulfur vacancies and applying a magnetic field. Several advanced characterization techniques, including piezoresponse force microscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy, are performed to unveil the underlying mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. These findings pave the way for manipulating electronic polarizations regulated through ferroelectric or magnetic modulations in 2D layered materials to advance the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Huang
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Ko
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-MAT), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Tzeng
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Zhu Ho
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Ho
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Wei Cyue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Luo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-MAT), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Recio-Poo M, Morales-García Á, Illas F, Bromley ST. Tuning electronic levels in photoactive hydroxylated titania nanosystems: combining the ligand dipole effect and quantum confinement. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38618709 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Reducing the size of titania (TiO2) to the nanoscale promotes the photoactive anatase phase for use in a range of applications from industrial catalysis to environment remediation. The nanoscale dimensions of these systems affect the magnitude of the electronic energy gap by quantum confinement. Upon interaction with aqueous environments or water vapour, the surfaces of these systems will also be hydroxylated to some degree. In turn, this affects the electronic energy levels due to the cumulative electrostatic effect of the dipolar hydroxyl (-OH) ligands (i.e. the ligand dipole effect). Using accurate density functional calculations, we investigate the combined effects of quantum confinement and the hydration-induced ligand dipole effect on a set of realistic titania nanosystems over a wide range of hydroxylation. Our detailed investigation reveals that, contrary to previous models, the ligand dipole effect does not-linearly depend on the ligand coverage due to the formation of inter-ligand OH⋯OH hydrogen bonds. To account for the resulting effects, we propose a refined model, which describes the ligand dipole effect more accurately in our systems. We show that both hydroxylation (by the ligand dipole effect) and size (by quantum confinement) have significant but distinct impacts on the electronic energy levels in nanotitania. As an example, we discuss how variations in these effects can be used to tune the highest unoccupied energy level in nanotitania for enhancing the efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Overall, we show that any specific energy shift can be achieved by a range of different combinations of nanosystem size and degree of hydroxylation, thus providing options for energy-level tuning while also allowing consideration of practical constraints (e.g. synthetic limitations, operating conditions) for photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Recio-Poo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángel Morales-García
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stefan T Bromley
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Di J, Hao G, Liu G, Zhou J, Jiang W, Liu Z. Defective materials for CO2 photoreduction: From C1 to C2+ products. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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4
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Progress and challenges in full spectrum photocatalysts: Mechanism and photocatalytic applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Liu L, Ouyang P, Li Y, Duan Y, Dong F, Lv K. Insight into the mechanism of deep NO photo-oxidation by bismuth tantalate with oxygen vacancies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129637. [PMID: 35901631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deeply photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides is still difficult to achieve, mainly limited by few intrinsic active sites and inefficient carrier separation of photocatalysts. Accordingly, we develop a simple room temperature tactic to introduce oxygen vacancies (OVs) into Bi3TaO7 (BTO). Based on solid experimental and DFT theoretical supports, we explore the mechanism of NO removal over OVs decorated BTO (OVs-BTO). OVs can not only alter the distribution of local electrons to result in the formation of a fast charge transfer channel between OVs and the adjacent Ta atoms, which improves the transport rate of photogenerated carriers; but also function as active sites to adsorb small molecules (NO, O2 and H2O), which being activated and positively drive the NO oxidation reaction. In order to investigate a possible reaction path, a combination of in-situ DRIFTS and simulated Gibbs free energy reveals that the intermediate products of OVs-BTO are helpful to promote the deep oxidation of NO to NO3-, while pristine BTO is more likely to produce NO2 intermediate toxic by-products, which greatly hinders the deep photocatalytic oxidation of NO. This work provides insights into the role of OVs in photocatalysts, and also points out a guideline for the mechanism of semiconductor photocatalysts in eliminating gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Youyu Duan
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Kangle Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
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6
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Wang J, Guo RT, Bi ZX, Chen X, Hu X, Pan WG. A review on TiO 2-x-based materials for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11512-11528. [PMID: 35917276 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology has a broad potential for dealing with the issues of energy shortage and global warming. As a widely studied material used in the photocatalytic process, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been continuously modified and tailored for more desirable application. Recently, the defective/reduced titanium dioxide (TiO2-x) catalyst has attracted broad attention due to its excellent photocatalytic performance for CO2 reduction. In this perspective review, we comprehensively present the recent progress in TiO2-x-based materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In detail, the review starts with the fundamentals of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. Then, the synthesis of a defective TiO2 structure is introduced for the regulation of its photocatalytic performance, especially its optical properties and dissociative adsorption properties. In addition, the current application of TiO2-x-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction is also highlighted, such as metal-TiO2-x, oxide-TiO2-x and TiO2-x-carbon-based photocatalysts. Finally, the existing challenges and possible scope of photocatalytic CO2 reduction over TiO2-x-based materials are discussed. We hope that this review can provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient and reasonable photocatalysts based on TiO2-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Xu Bi
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xing Hu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
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7
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Visible-Light-Active Black TiO 2 Nanoparticles with Efficient Photocatalytic Performance for Degradation of Pharmaceuticals. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152563. [PMID: 35893534 PMCID: PMC9330099 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Special attention has recently been paid to surface-defective titanium dioxide and black TiO2 with advanced optical, electrical, and photocatalytic properties. Synthesis of these materials for photodegradation and mineralization of persistent organic pollutants in water, especially under visible radiation, presents interest from scientific and application points of view. Chemical reduction by heating a TiO2 and NaBH4 mixture at 350 °C successfully introduced Ti3+ defects and oxygen vacancies at the surface of TiO2, with an increase in the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin—an antibiotic that is present in wastewater due to its intense use in human and animal medicine. Three TiO2 samples were prepared at different annealing temperatures to control the ratio between anatase and rutile and were subjected to chemical reduction. Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations showed that the formation of surface Ti3+ defects in a high concentration occurred mainly in the anatase sample annealed at 400 °C, contributing to the bandgap reduction from 3.32 eV to 2.92 eV. The reduced band gap enhances visible light absorption and the efficiency of photocatalysis. The nanoparticles of ~90 m2/g specific surface area and 12 nm average size exhibit ~100% efficiency in the degradation of amoxicillin under simulated solar irradiation compared with pristine TiO2. Mineralization of amoxicillin and by-products was over 75% after 48 h irradiation for the anatase sample, where the Ti3+ defects were present in a higher concentration at the catalyst’s surface.
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8
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Yamazaki Y, Toyonaga T, Doshita N, Mori K, Kuwahara Y, Yamazaki S, Yamashita H. Crystal Facet Engineering and Hydrogen Spillover-Assisted Synthesis of Defective Pt/TiO 2-x Nanorods with Enhanced Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2291-2300. [PMID: 34967219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen spillover can assist the introduction of defects such as Ti3+ and concomitant oxygen vacancies (VO) in a TiO2 crystal, thereby inducing a new level below the conduction band to improve the conductivity of photogenerated electrons and the visible light absorption property of TiO2. Meanwhile, crystal facet engineering offers a promising approach to achieve improved activity by influencing the recombination step of the photogenerated electrons and holes. In this study, with the aim of achieving enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic activity, rutile TiO2 nanorods with different aspect ratios were synthesized by crystal facet engineering, and Pt-deposited TiO2-x nanorods (Pt/TNR) were then obtained via reduction treatment assisted by hydrogen spillover. The reduction treatment at 200 °C induced the formation of surface Ti3+ exclusively, whereas surface Ti3+ and VO were formed by performing the reduction at 600 °C. The Pt/TNR with a higher aspect ratio reduced at 200 °C exhibited the highest activity in photocatalytic H2 production under visible light irradiation owing to the synergistic effect of the introduction of Ti3+ defects and the spatial charge carrier separation induced by crystal facet engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yamazaki
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Toyonaga
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Doshita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Mori
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kuwahara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Suzuko Yamazaki
- Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Liu L, Huang H, Chen Z, Yu H, Wang K, Huang J, Yu H, Zhang Y. Synergistic Polarization Engineering on Bulk and Surface for Boosting CO 2 Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18303-18308. [PMID: 34058045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sluggish charge kinetics and low CO2 affinity seriously inhibit CO2 photoreduction. Herein, the synchronous promotion of charge separation and CO2 affinity of Bi4 Ti3 O12 is realized by coupling corona poling and surface I-grafting. Corona poling enhances ferroelectric polarization of Bi4 Ti3 O12 by aligning the domains direction, which profoundly promotes charge transfer along opposite directions across bulk. Surface I-grafting forms a surface local electric field for further separating charge carriers and provides abundant active sites to enhance CO2 adsorption. The two modifications cooperatively further increase the ferroelectric polarization of Bi4 Ti3 O12 , which maximize the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges, resulting in an enhanced CO production rate of 15.1 μmol g-1 h-1 (nearly 9 times) with no sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. This work discloses that ferroelectric polarization and surface ion grafting can promote CO2 photoreduction in a synergistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Keyang Wang
- The department of mechanics and engineering science, college of civil engineering and mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jindi Huang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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10
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Shen M, Zhang L, Shi J. Defect Engineering of Photocatalysts towards Elevated CO 2 Reduction Performance. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2635-2654. [PMID: 33872463 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction provides a promising solution to address the crises of massive CO2 emissions and fossil energy shortages. As one of the most effective strategies to promote CO2 photoconversion, defect engineering shows great potential in modulating the electronic structure and light absorption properties of photocatalysts while increasing surface active sites for CO2 activation and conversion. This Review summarizes the recent progress in defect engineering of photocatalysts to promote CO2 reduction performances from the following four aspects: 1) Approaches to defect (mainly vacancy and dopant) generation in photocatalysts; 2) defect structure characterization techniques; 3) physical and chemical properties of defect-engineered photocatalysts; 4) CO2 reduction performance enhancements in activity, selectivity, and stability of photocatalysts by defect engineering. This Review is expected to present readers with a comprehensive view of progress in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction through defect engineering for elevated CO2 -to-fuels conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shen
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, 19 A, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lingxia Zhang
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, 19 A, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, 19 A, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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11
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Liu L, Huang H, Chen Z, Yu H, Wang K, Huang J, Yu H, Zhang Y. Synergistic Polarization Engineering on Bulk and Surface for Boosting CO
2
Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Keyang Wang
- The department of mechanics and engineering science college of civil engineering and mechanics Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 P. R. China
| | - Jindi Huang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Henan Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
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12
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Tuning oxygen vacancy content in TiO2 nanoparticles to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Zhao J, Miao Z, Zhang Y, Wen G, Liu L, Wang X, Cao X, Wang B. Oxygen vacancy-rich hierarchical BiOBr hollow microspheres with dramatic CO 2 photoreduction activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 593:231-243. [PMID: 33744533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of carbon dioxide into useful chemicals has attracted great attention. However, the significant bottlenecks facing in the field are the poor conversion efficiency of CO2 and low selectivity of products. Herein, hierarchical BiOBr hollow microspheres are fabricated by a solvothermal method using ethylene glycol (EG) as solvent in presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The hollow BiOBr microspheres prepared at 120 °C exhibit the best performance for CO2 photoreduction. The evolution rates of product CO and CH4 are up to 88.1 µmol g-1h-1 and 5.8 µmol g-1h-1, which are 8.8 times and 5.8 times higher than that of plate-like BiOBr respectively. The hollow microspheres possess larger specific area and generate multiple reflections of light in the cavity, thus enhancing the utilization efficiency of light. The modulated electronic structure by oxygen vacancy (OVs) is beneficial to the transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes. Especially, the enriched charge density of BiOBr by OVs is conductive to the adsorption and activation of CO2, which could lower the overall activation energy barrier of CO2 photoreduction. In summary, the synergistic effect of the hollow structure with OVs plays a vital role in boosting the photoreduction of CO2 for BiOBr. This work provides a new opportunity for designing the high efficiency catalyst by morphology engineering with defects at the atomic level for CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Zhao
- National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, PR China
| | - Zerui Miao
- National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, PR China.
| | - Guangyu Wen
- College of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, PR China
| | - Lihu Liu
- College of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, PR China.
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
| | - Xingzhong Cao
- Multi-discipline Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Baoyi Wang
- Multi-discipline Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Rawool SA, Yadav KK, Polshettiwar V. Defective TiO 2 for photocatalytic CO 2 conversion to fuels and chemicals. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4267-4299. [PMID: 34163693 PMCID: PMC8179507 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into fuels and valuable chemicals using solar energy is a promising technology to combat climate change and meet the growing energy demand. Extensive effort is going on for the development of a photocatalyst with desirable optical, surface and electronic properties. This review article discusses recent development in the field of photocatalytic CO2 conversion using defective TiO2. It specifically focuses on the different synthesis methodologies adapted to generate the defects and their impact on the chemical, optical and surface properties of TiO2 and, thus, photocatalytic CO2 conversion. It also encompasses theoretical investigations performed to understand the role of defects in adsorption and activation of CO2 and identify the mechanistic pathway which governs the formation and selectivity of different products. It is divided into three parts: (i) general mechanism and thermodynamic criteria for defective TiO2 catalyzed CO2 conversion, (ii) theoretical investigation on the role of defects in the CO2 adsorption-activation and mechanism responsible for the formation and selectivity of different products, and (iii) the effect of variation of physicochemical properties of defective TiO2 synthesized using different methods on the photocatalytic conversion of CO2. The review also discusses the limitations and the challenges of defective TiO2 photocatalysts that need to be overcome for the production of sustainable fuel utilizing solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma A Rawool
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Mumbai India +91 8452886556
| | - Kishan K Yadav
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Mumbai India +91 8452886556
| | - Vivek Polshettiwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Mumbai India +91 8452886556
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15
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Wang M, Tan G, Dang M, Wang Y, Zhang B, Ren H, Lv L, Xia A. Dual defects and build-in electric field mediated direct Z-scheme W18O49/g-C3N4−x heterojunction for photocatalytic NO removal and organic pollutant degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 582:212-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Mousavi M, Soleimani M, Hamzehloo M, Badiei A, Ghasemi JB. Photocatalytic degradation of different pollutants by the novel gCN-NS/Black-TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst under visible light: Introducing a photodegradation model and optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 258:123912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
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17
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Shit SC, Shown I, Paul R, Chen KH, Mondal J, Chen LC. Integrated nano-architectured photocatalysts for photochemical CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23301-23332. [PMID: 33107552 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology, especially the development of integrated nanostructured materials, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Compared to bulk semiconductor photocatalysts, most of these nanostructured photocatalysts offer at least one advantage in areas such as photogenerated carrier kinetics, light absorption, and active surface area, supporting improved photochemical reaction efficiencies. In this review, we briefly cover the cutting-edge research activities in the area of integrated nanostructured catalysts for photochemical CO2 reduction, including aqueous and gas-phase reactions. Primarily explored are the basic principles of tailor-made nanostructured composite photocatalysts and how nanostructuring influences photochemical performance. Specifically, we summarize the recent developments related to integrated nanostructured materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, mainly in the following five categories: carbon-based nano-architectures, metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, conjugated porous polymers, and layered double hydroxide-based inorganic hybrids. Besides the technical aspects of nanostructure-enhanced catalytic performance in photochemical CO2 reduction, some future research trends and promising strategies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra Shit
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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18
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Liu N, Zhu M, Niu N, Ren J, Yang N, Yu C. Aza-BODIPY Probe-Decorated Mesoporous Black TiO 2 Nanoplatform for the Highly Efficient Synergistic Phototherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41071-41078. [PMID: 32806896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an important noninvasive tumor treatment method, phototherapy has drawn extensive research interest. However, the requirements of separate excitation wavelengths, high degree of electron-hole recombination, and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability are still the major barriers. This work reports the construction of a novel nanoplatform: design and synthesis of an aza-BODIPY (AB) probe-decorated mesoporous black titanium dioxide (TiO2) (MT) nanoparticles (NPs) for enhanced photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy under single-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for the first time. AB probe-decorated MT NPs (abbreviated as MTAB) were synthesized through the Al reduction of mesoporous anatase TiO2 NPs and subsequent adsorption of the AB probe. The mesoporous structure of MT ensured AB loading capacity and avoided the complicated modification and synthesis processes. Heterogeneous MTAB, which possessed staggered energy levels, were assessed for their capability for effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes for the first time. Upon NIR laser light irradiation, MTAB exhibited sufficient ROS generation, resulting in distinct tumor cell killing and tumor tissue elimination. This unique heterogeneous nanoplatform with staggered energy levels provides a new strategy to enhance ROS generation and improve the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Niu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Cong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Roy S. Tale of Two Layered Semiconductor Catalysts toward Artificial Photosynthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37811-37833. [PMID: 32805975 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing reliance on nonrenewable fossil fuels due to massive urbanization and industrialization created problems such as depletion of the primary feedstock and raised the atmospheric CO2 levels causing global warming. A smart and promising approach is artificial photosynthesis that photocatalytically valorizes CO2 into high-value chemicals. The inexpensive layered semiconductors like g-C3N4 and rGO or GO have the potential to make the process practically feasible for real applications. The suitable band positions with respect to the reduction potentials coupled with the typical surface properties of these layered semiconductors play a beneficial role in photoreduction of CO2. Additionally, the creation of heterojunction interfaces to achieve the Z-scheme by anchoring g-C3N4 and rGO with another semiconductor with proper band alignment and dispersing plasmonic nano metals to obtain Schottky barriers on the layered surfaces also help retarding the electron-hole recombination and boost up the catalytic efficacy. Extensive exploration happened in recent years toward artificial photosynthesis over these materials, which needs a critical compendium. Surprisingly, in spite of the recent explosion of studies on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over metal-free semiconductors, there is not a single review on comparing the mechanistic aspects of photoreduction of CO2 over the layered semiconductors g-C3N4 and rGO. This review stands out as a unique documentation, where the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over this set of materials is critically examined in the context of band and surface modifications. An overall conclusion and outlook at the end indicates the need to develop prototypes for artificial photosynthesis with these well-studied semiconducting layered materials to yield solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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20
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Understanding Surface Modulation to Improve the Photo/Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation/Reduction. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081965. [PMID: 32340202 PMCID: PMC7221846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water oxidation and reduction reactions play vital roles in highly efficient hydrogen production conducted by an electrolyzer, in which the enhanced efficiency of the system is apparently accompanied by the development of active electrocatalysts. Solar energy, a sustainable and clean energy source, can supply the kinetic energy to increase the rates of catalytic reactions. In this regard, understanding of the underlying fundamental mechanisms of the photo/electrochemical process is critical for future development. Combining light-absorbing materials with catalysts has become essential to maximizing the efficiency of hydrogen production. To fabricate an efficient absorber-catalysts system, it is imperative to fully understand the vital role of surface/interface modulation for enhanced charge transfer/separation and catalytic activity for a specific reaction. The electronic and chemical structures at the interface are directly correlated to charge carrier movements and subsequent chemical adsorption and reaction of the reactants. Therefore, rational surface modulation can indeed enhance the catalytic efficiency by preventing charge recombination and prompting transfer, increasing the reactant concentration, and ultimately boosting the catalytic reaction. Herein, the authors review recent progress on the surface modification of nanomaterials as photo/electrochemical catalysts for water reduction and oxidation, considering two successive photogenerated charge transfer/separation and catalytic chemical reactions. It is expected that this review paper will be helpful for the future development of photo/electrocatalysts.
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Hwang HM, Oh S, Shim JH, Kim YM, Kim A, Kim D, Kim J, Bak S, Cho Y, Bui VQ, Le TA, Lee H. Phase-Selective Disordered Anatase/Ordered Rutile Interface System for Visible-Light-Driven, Metal-Free CO 2 Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35693-35701. [PMID: 31500412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction using TiO2 that can absorb light of all wavelengths has been sought for over half a century. Herein, we report a phase-selective disordered anatase/ordered rutile interface system for visible-light-driven, metal-free CO2 reduction using a narrow band structure, whose conduction band position matches well with the reduction potential of CO2 to CH4 and CO. A mixed disordered anatase/ordered rutile (Ad/Ro) TiO2 was prepared from anatase and rutile phase-mixed P25 TiO2 at room temperature and under an ambient atmosphere in sodium alkyl amine solutions. The Ad/Ro TiO2 showed a narrow band structure due to multi-internal energy band gaps of Ti3+ defect sites in the disordered anatase phase, leading to high visible light absorption and simultaneously providing fast charge separation through the crystalline rutile phase, which was faster than that of pristine P25 TiO2. The band gap of Ad/Ro TiO2 is 2.62 eV with a conduction band of -0.27 eV, which matches well with the reduction potential of -0.24 VNHE of CO2/CH4, leading to effective electron transfer to CO2. As a result, the Ad/Ro TiO2 provided the highest CH4 production (3.983 μmol/(g h)), which is higher than that of even metal (W, Ru, Ag, and Pt)-doped P25, for CO2 reduction under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Min Hwang
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Simgeon Oh
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ansoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) , 267 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoscience , University of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Bak
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Cho
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Viet Q Bui
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Anh Le
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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