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Li Z, Zhou Y, Li T, Zhang J, Tian H. Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels: Fabrication and biomedical applications. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yanzi Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
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2
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive DNA-based hydrogels are attracting growing interest because of their smart responsiveness, excellent biocompatibility, regulated biodegradability, and programmable design properties. Integration of reconfigurable DNA architectures and switchable supramolecular moieties (as cross-linkers) in hydrogels by responding to external stimuli provides an ideal approach for the reversible tuning structural and mechanical properties of the hydrogels, which can be exploited in the development of intelligent DNA-based materials. This review highlights recent advances in the design of responsive pure DNA hydrogels, DNA-polymer hybrid hydrogels, and autonomous DNA-based hydrogels with transient behaviors. A variety of chemically and physically triggered DNA-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels and their versatile applications in biosensing, biocatalysis, cell culture and separation, drug delivery, shape memory, self-healing, and robotic actuators are summarized. Finally, we address the key challenges that the field will face in the coming years, and future prospects are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Wang C, O'Hagan MP, Li Z, Zhang J, Ma X, Tian H, Willner I. Photoresponsive DNA materials and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:720-760. [PMID: 34985085 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive nucleic acids attract growing interest as functional constituents in materials science. Integration of photoisomerizable units into DNA strands provides an ideal handle for the reversible reconfiguration of nucleic acid architectures by light irradiation, triggering changes in the chemical and structural properties of the nanostructures that can be exploited in the development of photoresponsive functional devices such as machines, origami structures and ion channels, as well as environmentally adaptable 'smart' materials including nanoparticle aggregates and hydrogels. Moreover, photoresponsive DNA components allow control over the composition of dynamic supramolecular ensembles that mimic native networks. Beyond this, the modification of nucleic acids with photosensitizer functionality enables these biopolymers to act as scaffolds for spatial organization of electron transfer reactions mimicking natural photosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these exciting developments in the design of photoresponsive DNA materials, and showcases a range of applications in catalysis, sensing and drug delivery/release. The key challenges facing the development of the field in the coming years are addressed, and exciting emergent research directions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Michael P O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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4
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El Sharif HF, Giosia F, Reddy SM. Investigation of polyacrylamide hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted polymers using protein gel electrophoresis. J Mol Recognit 2021; 35:e2942. [PMID: 34697843 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In conjunction with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), molecular imprinting methods have been applied to produce a multilayer mini-slab in order to evaluate how selectively and specifically a hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) binds bovine haemoglobin (BHb, ~64.5 kDa). A three-layer mini-slab comprising an upper and lower layer and a MIP, or a non-imprinted control polymer dispersion middle layer has been investigated. The discriminating MIP layer, also based on polyacrylamide, was able to specifically bind BHb molecules in preference to a protein similar in molecular weight such as bovine serum albumin (BSA, ~66 kDa). Protein staining allowed us to visualise the protein retention strength of the MIP layer under the influence of an electric field. This method could be applied to other proteins with implications in effective protein capture, disease diagnostics, and protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim F El Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Flavio Giosia
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Subrayal M Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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6
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Boronate affinity imprinted hydrogel sorbent from biphasic synergistic high internal phase emulsions reactor for specific enrichment of Luteolin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:782-792. [PMID: 34107316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic coexistence of heterostructures is crucial for the synergistic function of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) derived from high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). In this work, hydrophilic boronate affinity imprinted hydrogel sorbents (H-UIO-66-NH2-IHIPEs) were prepared by biphasic synergistic HIPEs droplet reactors filled with reactive microencapsulation system, and used to capture and separate cis-diol containing luteolin (LTL) from complex extraction samples with high selectivity. As the main solid emulsifier, UiO-66-NH2, prototype zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) greatly improves the mechanical performance of the hydrogel, whilst preventing overuse of surfactants. Space-confined formation of imprinted sites in the external phase is realized in the presence of hydrophilic acrylamide phenylboric acid monomer (H-BA), which endows the specific affinity with pH responsiveness to LTL. In addition, the filled microinclusion compound containing elastic monomer octadecyl methacrylate (SMA) and functional monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) simultaneously added interfacial cross-linking reaction to provide stable pore volume and pore shape. Combined with these excellent properties, H-UIO-66-NH2-IHIPEs showed fast capture kinetics (75 min) and large uptake amount (39.77 mg g-1) at 298 K, and confirmed the existence of a uniform chemisorption monolayer. Moreover, excellent recyclability of 6.24% loss in adsorption amount after five adsorption-desorption cycles was observed. Finally, the LTL content of the purified product (about 97.38%) was higher than that of the crude extract (about 85.0%). This study sheds a new light for the design of novel imprinted hydrogel sorbents combined with binary synergistic components.
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Chen Y, Dai S, Zhu H, Hu H, Yuan N, Ding J. Self-healing hydrogel sensors with multiple shape memory properties for human motion monitoring. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory hydrogels offer new opportunities for the development of smart wearables due to their intelligent responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Shengping Dai
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Hongwei Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jianning Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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Ganguly S, Das P, Itzhaki E, Hadad E, Gedanken A, Margel S. Microwave-Synthesized Polysaccharide-Derived Carbon Dots as Therapeutic Cargoes and Toughening Agents for Elastomeric Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51940-51951. [PMID: 33156599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) play a versatile role in materials science. Herein, we have developed alginate-derived nitrogen-doped CDs as a drug carrier and a toughening agent for hydrogels by a microwave-assisted method. In the first phase of work, we carried out covalent conjugation of the drug onto the CD surface for controlled delivery of drug molecules, and in the second phase of work, we demonstrated how CDs could act as a toughening agent as well as a viscosity modifier for poly(acrylic acid-co-methacrylamide) copolymer hydrogels. The hydrogels were evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The hybrid hydrogels have been tested to be mechanically robust with extraordinary stretchability (∼1200% elongation at break), recoverable to the original position (low permanent set), tunable water uptake, and thixotropic character in dynamic stress. The crosslinked structure has been evaluated through void calculation revealing gradual densification of the network with increasing CD content. Exceptional gel strength (ratio of elastic modulus to loss modulus; G'/G″) has been achieved from analogous crosslinking made by CDs. The delayed network rupturing and superstretchability could make this material a good choice for soft biomaterials and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ganguly
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Poushali Das
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ella Itzhaki
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Elad Hadad
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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9
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Zeng H, Stewart-Yates L, Casey LM, Bampos N, Roberts DA. Covalent Post-Assembly Modification: A Synthetic Multipurpose Tool in Supramolecular Chemistry. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1249-1269. [PMID: 32529789 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of covalent post-assembly modification (PAM) in supramolecular chemistry has grown significantly in recent years, to the point where PAM is now a versatile synthesis tool for tuning, modulating, and expanding the functionality of self-assembled complexes and materials. PAM underpins supramolecular template-synthesis strategies, enables modular derivatization of supramolecular assemblies, permits the covalent 'locking' of unstable structures, and can trigger controlled structural transformations between different assembled morphologies. This Review discusses key examples of PAM spanning a range of material classes, including discrete supramolecular complexes, self-assembled soft nanostructures and hierarchically ordered polymeric and framework materials. As such, we hope to highlight how PAM has continued to evolve as a creative and functional addition to the synthetic chemist's toolbox for constructing bespoke self-assembled complexes and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Luke Stewart-Yates
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Louis M Casey
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Bampos
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick A Roberts
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Wang C, Vázquez-González M, Fadeev M, Sohn YS, Nechushtai R, Willner I. Thermoplasmonic-Triggered Release of Loads from DNA-Modified Hydrogel Microcapsules Functionalized with Au Nanoparticles or Au Nanorods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000880. [PMID: 32374508 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules consisting of hydrogel shells cross-linked by glucosamine-boronate ester complexes and duplex nucleic acids, loaded with dyes or drugs and functionalized with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) or Au nanorods (Au NRs), are developed. Irradiation of Au NPs or Au NRs results in the thermoplasmonic heating of the microcapsules, and the dissociation of the nucleic acid cross-linkers. The separation of duplex nucleic acid cross-linkers leads to low-stiffness hydrogel shells, allowing the release of loads. Switching off the light-induced plasmonic heating results in the regeneration of stiff hydrogel shells protecting the microcapsules, leading to the blockage of release processes. The thermoplasmonic release of tetramethylrhodamine-dextran, Texas Red-dextran, doxorubicin-dextran (DOX-D), or camptothecin-carboxymethylcellulose (CPT-CMC) from the microcapsules is introduced. By loading the microcapsules with two different drugs (DOX-D and CPT-CMC), the light-controlled dose release is demonstrated. Cellular experiments show efficient permeation of Au NPs/DOX-D or Au NRs/DOX-D microcapsules into MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and inefficient uptake by MCF-10A epithelial breast cells. Cytotoxicity experiments reveal selective thermoplasmon-induced cytotoxicity of the microcapsules toward MDA-MB-231 cancer cells as compared to MCF-10A cells. Also, selective cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 cancer cells upon irradiation of the Au NPs- and Au NRs-functionalized microcapsules at λ = 532 or 910 nm is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Margarita Vázquez-González
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael Fadeev
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yang Sung Sohn
- Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Wang C, Fischer A, Ehrlich A, Nahmias Y, Willner I. Biocatalytic reversible control of the stiffness of DNA-modified responsive hydrogels: applications in shape-memory, self-healing and autonomous controlled release of insulin. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4516-4524. [PMID: 34122910 PMCID: PMC8159436 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes glucose oxidase (GOx), acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and urease that drive biocatalytic transformations to alter pH, are integrated into pH-responsive DNA-based hydrogels. A two-enzyme-loaded hydrogel composed of GOx/urease or AchE/urease and a three-enzyme-loaded hydrogel composed of GOx/AchE/urease are presented. The biocatalytic transformations within the hydrogels lead to the dictated reconfiguration of nucleic acid bridges and the switchable control over the stiffness of the respective hydrogels. The switchable stiffness features are used to develop biocatalytically guided shape-memory and self-healing matrices. In addition, loading of GOx/insulin in a pH-responsive DNA-based hydrogel yields a glucose-triggered matrix for the controlled release of insulin, acting as an artificial pancreas. The release of insulin is controlled by the concentrations of glucose, hence, the biocatalytic insulin-loaded hydrogel provides an interesting sense-and-treat carrier for controlling diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Amit Fischer
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Avner Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Ghosh T, Biswas A, Gavel PK, Das AK. Engineered Dynamic Boronate Ester-Mediated Self-Healable Biocompatible G-Quadruplex Hydrogels for Sustained Release of Vitamins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1574-1584. [PMID: 31984750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Injectable, self-healable, and biocompatible dynamic hydrogels prepared from the molecular self-assembly and reversible covalent bond formation of low-molecular-weight hydrogelators are increasing in the field of drug delivery. Herein, we report the formation of G-quadruplex hydrogels via the multicomponent self-assembly and reversible bond formation between guanosine (G) and 1-naphthaleneboronic acid in the presence of the monovalent cation K+. The cation-templated stacking interaction of G4 quartets and the formation of dynamic cyclic boronate esters are responsible for the construction of dynamic G-quadruplex assembly. The in situ-synthesized dynamic cyclic boronate esters are well characterized by 11B nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods. The formation and morphology of the G-quadruplex hydrogel are well supported by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The injectability and self-healing ability of the G-quadruplex hydrogel are also investigated. The in vivo cytotoxicity of the G-quadruplex hydrogel is extensively evaluated over different cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and HEK293) to observe the biostability and broad-spectrum biocompatibility of the hydrogel. Further, this injectable, biocompatible G-quadruplex hydrogel has been used for encapsulation and sustained release of two important vitamins (B2 and B12) over 40 h at physiological pH (7.46) and temperature (37 °C) without the influence of any external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Ankan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Pramod K Gavel
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Apurba K Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore 453552 , India
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