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Li JY, Hu HY, Li HW, Liu YF, Su Y, Jia XB, Zhao LF, Fan YM, Gu QF, Zhang H, Pang WK, Zhu YF, Wang JZ, Dou SX, Chou SL, Xiao Y. Interfacial Spinel Local Interlocking Strategy Toward Structural Integrity in P3 Oxide Cathodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12945-12956. [PMID: 38717846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
P3-layered transition oxide cathodes have garnered considerable attention owing to their high initial capacity, rapid Na+ kinetics, and less energy consumption during the synthesis process. Despite these merits, their practical application is hindered by the substantial capacity degradation resulting from unfavorable structural transformations, Mn dissolution and migration. In this study, we systematically investigated the failure mechanisms of P3 cathodes, encompassing Mn dissolution, migration, and the irreversible P3-O3' phase transition, culminating in severe structural collapse. To address these challenges, we proposed an interfacial spinel local interlocking strategy utilizing P3/spinel intergrowth oxide as a proof-of-concept material. As a result, P3/spinel intergrowth oxide cathodes demonstrated enhanced cycling performance. The effectiveness of suppressing Mn migration and maintaining local structure of interfacial spinel local interlocking strategy was validated through depth-etching X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and in situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction. This interfacial spinel local interlocking engineering strategy presents a promising avenue for the development of advanced cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yang Li
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hai-Yan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yi-Feng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Su
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xin-Bei Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ling-Fei Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ya-Meng Fan
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Qin-Fen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hang Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Kong Pang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yan-Fang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute for Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shu-Lei Chou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
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2
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Wang J, Zhu YF, Su Y, Guo JX, Chen S, Liu HK, Dou SX, Chou SL, Xiao Y. Routes to high-performance layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4230-4301. [PMID: 38477330 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are experiencing a large-scale renaissance to supplement or replace expensive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and low energy density lead-acid batteries in electrical energy storage systems and other applications. In this case, layered oxide materials have become one of the most popular cathode candidates for SIBs because of their low cost and comparatively facile synthesis method. However, the intrinsic shortcomings of layered oxide cathodes, which severely limit their commercialization process, urgently need to be addressed. In this review, inherent challenges associated with layered oxide cathodes for SIBs, such as their irreversible multiphase transition, poor air stability, and low energy density, are systematically summarized and discussed, together with strategies to overcome these dilemmas through bulk phase modulation, surface/interface modification, functional structure manipulation, and cationic and anionic redox optimization. Emphasis is placed on investigating variations in the chemical composition and structural configuration of layered oxide cathodes and how they affect the electrochemical behavior of the cathodes to illustrate how these issues can be addressed. The summary of failure mechanisms and corresponding modification strategies of layered oxide cathodes presented herein provides a valuable reference for scientific and practical issues related to the development of SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Wang
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yan-Fang Zhu
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Su
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jun-Xu Guo
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shuangqiang Chen
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shu-Lei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
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3
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Hu HY, Li JY, Liu YF, Zhu YF, Li HW, Jia XB, Jian ZC, Liu HX, Kong LY, Li ZQ, Dong HH, Zhang MK, Qiu L, Wang JQ, Chen SQ, Wu XW, Guo XD, Xiao Y. Developing an abnormal high-Na-content P2-type layered oxide cathode with near-zero-strain for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5192-5200. [PMID: 38577355 PMCID: PMC10988596 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Layered transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2) possess attractive features such as large specific capacity, high ionic conductivity, and a scalable synthesis process, making them a promising cathode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, NaxTMO2 suffer from multiple phase transitions and Na+/vacancy ordering upon Na+ insertion/extraction, which is detrimental to their electrochemical performance. Herein, we developed a novel cathode material that exhibits an abnormal P2-type structure at a stoichiometric content of Na up to 1. The cathode material delivers a reversible capacity of 108 mA h g-1 at 0.2C and 97 mA h g-1 at 2C, retaining a capacity retention of 76.15% after 200 cycles within 2.0-4.3 V. In situ diffraction studies demonstrated that this material exhibits an absolute solid-solution reaction with a low volume change of 0.8% during cycling. This near-zero-strain characteristic enables a highly stabilized crystal structure for Na+ storage, contributing to a significant improvement in battery performance. Overall, this work presents a simple yet effective approach to realizing high Na content in P2-type layered oxides, offering new opportunities for high-performance SIB cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Hu
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yang Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Yi-Feng Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fang Zhu
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Xin-Bei Jia
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Zhuang-Chun Jian
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Han-Xiao Liu
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qi Li
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Hang-Hang Dong
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ke Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Lang Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Qiang Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Qiang Chen
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Xiong-Wei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
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Park J, Ku K, Gim J, Son SB, Jeong H, Cheng L, Iddir H, Hou D, Xiong H, Liu Y, Lee E, Johnson C. Multifunctional Effect of Fe Substitution in Na Layered Cathode Materials for Enhanced Storage Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38454-38462. [PMID: 37527915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing stable cathode materials that are resistant to storage degradation is essential for practical development and industrial processing of Na-ion batteries as many sodium layered oxide materials are susceptible to hygroscopicity and instability upon exposure to ambient air. Among the various layered compounds, Fe-substituted O3-type Na(Ni1/2Mn1/2)1-xFexO2 materials have emerged as a promising option for high-performance and low-cost cathodes. While previous reports have noted the decent air-storage stability of these materials, the role and origin of Fe substitution in improving storage stability remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the air-resistant effect of Fe substitution in O3-Na(Ni1/2Mn1/2)1-xFexO2 cathode materials by performing systematic surface and structural characterizations. We find that the improved storage stability can be attributed to the multifunctional effect of Fe substitution, which forms a surface protective layer containing an Fe-incorporated spinel phase and decreases the thermodynamical driving force for bulk chemical sodium extraction. With these mechanisms, Fe-containing cathodes can suppress the cascades of cathode degradation processes and better retain the electrochemical performance after air storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehee Park
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kyojin Ku
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Gim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Seoung-Bum Son
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Heonjae Jeong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hakim Iddir
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dewen Hou
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Eungje Lee
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Zhang L, Guan C, Zheng J, Li H, Li S, Li S, Lai Y, Zhang Z. Rational design of intergrowth P2/O3 biphasic layered structure with reversible anionic redox chemistry and structural evolution for Na-ions batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:180-191. [PMID: 36658032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Layered oxides have attracted unprecedented attention for their outstanding performance in sodium-ion battery cathodes. Among them, the two typical candidates P2 and O3 type materials generally demonstrate large diversities in specific capacity and cycling endurance with their advantages. Thus, composite materials that contain both P2 and O3 have been widely designed and constructed. Nevertheless, the anionic/cationic ions' behavior and structural evolution in such complex structures remain unclear. In this study, a deep analysis of an advanced Na0.732Ni0.273Mg0.096Mn0.63O2 material that contains 78.39 wt% P2 phase and 21.61 wt% O3 phase is performed based on two typical cathodes P2 Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 and O3 NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 that have the same elemental constitution but different crystal structures. Structural analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the composite is preferred to form a symbiotic structure at the atomic level, and the complex lattice texture of the biphase structure can block unfavorable ion and oxygen migration in the electrode process. Consequently, the biphase structure has significantly improved the electrochemical performance and kept preferable anionic oxygen redox reversibility. Furthermore, the hetero-epitaxy-like structure of the intergrowth of P2 and O3 structures share multi-phase boundaries, where the inconsistency in electrochemical behavior between P2 and O3 phases leads to an interlocking effect to prevent severe structural collapse and relieves the lattice strain from Na+ de/intercalation. Hence, the symbiotic P2/O3 composite materials exhibited a preferable capacity and cyclability (∼130 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, 73.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C), as well as reversible structural evolution. These findings confirmed the advantages of using the bi/multi-phase cathode for high-energy Na-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chaohong Guan
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingqiang Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huangxu Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihao Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Simin Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yanqing Lai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhian Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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6
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Chen X, Zheng S, Liu P, Sun Z, Zhu K, Li H, Liu Y, Jiao L. Fluorine Substitution Promotes Air-Stability of P'2-Type Layered Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205789. [PMID: 36420673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most promising cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, manganese-based layered oxides have aroused wide attention due to their high specific capacity and plentiful reserves. However, they are plagued by poor air stability rooting in water/Na+ exchange and adverse structural reconstruction, hindering their practical applications. Herein, it is demonstrated that utilizing fluorine to substitute oxygen atoms can narrow the interlayer spacing of novel P'2-Na0.67 MnO1.97 F0.03 (NMOF) cathode material, which resists the attack of water molecules, significantly prolonging exposure time in air. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results indicate that fluorine substitution alleviates the insertion of water molecules and spontaneous extraction of Na+ effectively. Benefiting from the structural modulation, NMOF can deliver a high specific capacity of 227.1 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and a promising capacity retention of 84.0% after 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1 . This facile and available strategy provides a feasible way to strengthen the air-stability and expands the scope of practical applications of layered oxide cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kunjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lifang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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7
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Elucidation of the sodium kinetics in layered P-type oxide cathodes. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Lim SG, Kwon MS, Kim T, Kim H, Lee S, Lim J, Kim H, Lee KT. Correlation between the Cation Disorders of Fe 3+ and Li + in P3-Type Na 0.67[Li 0.1(Fe 0.5Mn 0.5) 0.9]O 2 for Sodium Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:33120-33129. [PMID: 35830246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various Fe-based layered oxide materials have received attention as promising cathode materials for sodium ion batteries because of their low cost and high specific capacity. Only a few P3-type Fe-based oxide materials, however, have been examined as cathodes because the synthesis of highly crystalline P3-type Fe-based oxides is not facile. For this reason, the structural merits of the P3 structure are not yet fully understood. Herein, highly crystalline P3-type Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2 heated at 900 °C is introduced to improve the electrochemical performance of Fe-based layered oxides. The structures, reaction mechanisms, and electrochemical performances of P3 Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2, P2 Na0.57[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2, and P2 Na0.67[Fe0.5Mn0.5]O2 are compared to demonstrate the roles of Li+ doping in the improved electrochemical performance of P3 Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2, such as stable capacity retention over 100 cycles. P3 Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2 significantly suppresses the migration of Fe3+ ions to tetrahedral sites in the Na layer during cycling because the cation disorder of Li+ is more favorable than that of Fe3+. As a result, P3 Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2 shows better cycle performance than P2 Na0.67[Fe0.5Mn0.5]O2. P3 Na0.67[Li0.1(Fe0.5Mn0.5)0.9]O2 also exhibits an improved rate performance compared to P2 Na0.67[Fe0.5Mn0.5]O2. This finding provides fundamental insights to improve the electrochemical performance of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Gwon Lim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongi Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Lim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Chang YX, Yu L, Xing X, Guo YJ, Xie ZY, Xu S. Ion Substitution Strategy of Manganese-Based Layered Oxide Cathodes for Advanced and Low-Cost Sodium Ion Batteries. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200122. [PMID: 35832018 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have recently been promising in the large-scale electric energy storage system, due to the low cost, abundant sodium resources. Mn-based layered oxide cathode materials have been widely investigated, because of the high theoretical specific capacity, low cost, and abundant reserves. However, their development is limited by the problems of Jahn-Teller distortion, Na+ /vacancy ordering, complex phase transitions, and irreversible anionic redox during cycling. Ion substitution strategy is one simple and effective way to regulate the crystal structure and boost sodium-storage performances of Mn-based cathode materials. In this review, we summarize the progress and mechanism of ion-substituted Mn-based oxides, establish a composition-crystal structure-electrochemical performance relationship, and also offer perspectives for guiding the design of high-performance Mn-based oxides for SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sailong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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10
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Zhang H, Gao Y, Chen M, Li L, Li L, Qiao Y, Li W, Wang J, Chou SL. Organic Small Molecules with Electrochemical-Active Phenolic Enolate Groups for Ready-to-Charge Organic Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200455. [PMID: 35620961 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials have attracted much attention in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) because of their advantages such as being environmentally benign and having high designability. Capacities and cycle life of organic materials are the most important parameters in most research which has been paid much effort to obtain an impressive electrochemical performance on the material level, and the sodium-detachable ability of these materials to directly match with the sodium-free anode is neglected. In this work, one organic sodium salt (C6 H2 Na2 O6 ) exhibits the unique ability (charging first in half cell) unlike other reported organic cathode materials (normally discharging first) for SIBs. The redox mechanism and structure change are investigated by in situ and ex situ tests to give a better understanding for C6 H2 Na2 O6 . Satisfying electrochemical performance (74% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 0.05 A g-1 and 63% capacity retention at 5 A g-1 when compared with capacity at 0.05 A g-1 ) is achieved by the C6 H2 Na2 O6 electrode. In addition, matched with hard carbon, full cells are assembled successfully like other transition metal containing cathode materials because C6 H2 Na2 O6 electrode can deliver its sodium ions to a sodium-free anode directly without any presodiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yun Gao
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yun Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Li
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jiazhao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shu-Lei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
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11
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Xu K, Yan M, Chang YX, Xing X, Yu L, Xu S. Surface optimized P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode material via conductive Al-doped ZnO for boosting sodium storage. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Nathan MGT, Yu H, Kim G, Kim J, Cho JS, Kim J, Kim J. Recent Advances in Layered Metal-Oxide Cathodes for Application in Potassium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105882. [PMID: 35478355 PMCID: PMC9218662 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To meet future energy demands, currently, dominant lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) must be supported by abundant and cost-effective alternative battery materials. Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are promising alternatives to LIBs because KIB materials are abundant and because KIBs exhibit intercalation chemistry like LIBs and comparable energy densities. In pursuit of superior batteries, designing and developing highly efficient electrode materials are indispensable for meeting the requirements of large-scale energy storage applications. Despite using graphite anodes in KIBs instead of in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), developing suitable KIB cathodes is extremely challenging and has attracted considerable research attention. Among the various cathode materials, layered metal oxides have attracted considerable interest owing to their tunable stoichiometry, high specific capacity, and structural stability. Therefore, the recent progress in layered metal-oxide cathodes is comprehensively reviewed for application to KIBs and the fundamental material design, classification, phase transitions, preparation techniques, and corresponding electrochemical performance of KIBs are presented. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with developing layered oxide cathode materials are presented for practical application to KIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hakgyoon Yu
- Department of Energy Convergence EngineeringCheongju UniversityCheongjuChungbuk28503Republic of Korea
| | - Guk‐Tae Kim
- Department of Energy Convergence EngineeringCheongju UniversityCheongjuChungbuk28503Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory ScienceCollege of Health Science Cheongju UniversityCheongjuChungbuk28503Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sang Cho
- Department of Engineering ChemistryChungbuk National UniversityChungbuk28644Republic of Korea
| | - Jeha Kim
- Department of Energy Convergence EngineeringCheongju UniversityCheongjuChungbuk28503Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Kwang Kim
- Department of Energy Convergence EngineeringCheongju UniversityCheongjuChungbuk28503Republic of Korea
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13
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14
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Zhang L, Guan C, Xie Y, Li H, Wang A, Chang S, Zheng J, Lai Y, Zhang Z. Heteroatom-Substituted P2-Na 2/3Ni 1/4Mg 1/12Mn 2/3O 2 Cathode with {010} Exposing Facets Boost Anionic Activity and High-Rate Performance for Na-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18313-18323. [PMID: 35421311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an attractive cathode candidate for sodium-ion batteries, P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 is famous for its high stability in humid air, attractive capacity, and high operating voltage. However, the low Na+ transport kinetics, oxygen-redox reactions, and irreversible structural evolution at high-voltage areas hinder its practical application. Herein, a comprehensive study of a microbar P2-type Ni2/3Ni1/4Mg1/12Mn2/3O2 material with {010} facets is presented, which exhibits high reversibility of structural evolution and anionic redox activity, leading to outstanding rate capability and cyclability. The notable rate performance (53 mA h g-1 at 20 C, 2.0-4.3 V) contributed to the high exposure of {010} facets via controlling the growth orientation of the precursor, which is certified by density functional theory calculation and lattice structural analysis. Mg substitution strengthens the reversibility of anionic oxygen redox and structural evolution in high-voltage areas that was confirmed by the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests, leading to outstanding cyclic reversibility (68.9% after 1000 cycles at 5 C) and slowing down the voltage fading. This work provides new insights into constructing electrochemically active planes combined with heteroatom substitution to improve the Na+ transport kinetics and structural stability of layered oxide cathodes for sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chaohong Guan
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Xie
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Huangxu Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Aonan Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Shilei Chang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jingqiang Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Lai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhian Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-Added Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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15
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Shi C, Wang L, Chen X, Li J, Wang S, Wang J, Jin H. Challenges of layer-structured cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:338-351. [PMID: 35060586 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00585e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the most promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) still face many issues that hinder their large-scale commercialization. Layered transition metal oxide cathodes have attracted widespread attention owing to their large specific capacity, high ionic conductivity, and feasible preparation conditions. However, their electrochemical properties are usually limited by the irreversible phase transition and harsh storage conditions caused by humidity sensitivity. Recently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to solving these issues toward advanced high-performance layered oxide cathodes. Herein, we summarize these remaining challenges of layered oxide cathodes and the corresponding modification strategies such as the variations in chemical compositions, the architecture of (nano)micro-structures, surface engineering, and the regulation of phase compositions. We hope that the understanding presented in this review can provide useful guidance to developing high-performance layer-structured cathode materials for advanced SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Liguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - Xi'an Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
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16
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Xiao J, Gao H, Tang K, Long M, Chen J, Liu H, Wang G. Manipulating Stable Layered P2-Type Cathode via a Co-Substitution Strategy for High Performance Sodium Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101292. [PMID: 35032158 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mn-based layered transition metal oxides (TMOs) are promising cathodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to their eco-friendly character and abundant natural reserves. However, the complex phase changes and structural instability of the Mn-based layered TMO cathodes during electrochemical process are major hindrances to meet the commercial application. Cation substitution is an effective way to stabilize the structure and accelerate the Na+ kinetics of cathode materials. Herein, an intriguing layered P2-type Mn-based Na0.7 Li0.06 Zn0.06 Ni0.21 Mn0.67 O2 material is reported by substitution of Li and Zn for partial Ni. The occupation of inert elements on Ni sites could well maintain the crystal structure, giving rise to a prominent cycle life and improved electrochemical kinetics. The as-prepared electrode presents an initial discharge capacity of 131.8 mA h g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and preserves 91.9% capacity after 100 cycles, accompanied with enexcellent rate performance (108 mA h g-1 at 500 mA g-1 ). Furthermore, the single-phase reaction mechanism during the sodiation/desodiation process is verified by in situ X-ray diffraction. Additionally, theory computations prove the decreased migration energy barriers and enhanced Na+ kinetics ulteriorly. This dual-doping strategy inspires an effective way to produce high performance cathode materials for SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hong Gao
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaikai Tang
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Mengqi Long
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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17
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Sambandam B, Alfaruqi MH, Park S, Lee S, Kim S, Lee J, Mathew V, Hwang JY, Kim J. Validating the Structural (In)stability of P3- and P2-Na 0.67Mg 0.1Mn 0.9O 2-Layered Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Time-Decisive Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53877-53891. [PMID: 34743513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, magnesium-ion-substituted, sodium-deficient, P3- and P2-layered manganese oxide cathodes (Na0.67Mg0.1Mn0.9O2) were synthesized through a facile polyol-assisted combustion technique for applications in sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical reaction pathways, structural integrity, and long cycling ability at low current rates of the P3- and P2-phases of the Na0.67Mg0.1Mn0.9O2 cathodes were investigated using time-consuming techniques, such as galvanostatic titration and series cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained from these techniques were supported by those obtained from operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Particularly, the P2-phase provided excellent structural stability owing to its intrinsic crystal structure, thereby exhibiting a reversible capacity retention of 82.6% after 262 cycles at a low rate of 0.1 C; in contrast, the P3-phase exhibited a capacity retention of 38.7% after 241 cycles at a similar current rate. The air stability of these as-prepared powders, which were stored under ambient conditions, was progressively analyzed over a period of 6 months through XRD without conducting any special experiments. The results suggest that in the P3-phase, the formation of NaHCO3 and hydrated phase impurities, resulting from Na+/H+ exchange and hydration reactions, respectively, was likely to occur more quickly, that is, within a few days, compared to that in the P2-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sambandam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Muhammad H Alfaruqi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sunhyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seunggyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Vinod Mathew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jaekook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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18
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Yu L, Xing XX, Zhang SY, Zhang X, Han X, Wang PF, Xu S. Cation-Disordered O3-Na 0.8Ni 0.6Sb 0.4O 2 Cathode for High-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32948-32956. [PMID: 34240604 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
O3-type sodium-layered oxides (such as antimony-based O3 structures) have been suggested as one of the most fascinating cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Honeycomb-ordered antimony-based O3 structures, however, unsatisfactorily exhibit complex phase transitions and sluggish Na+ kinetics during cycling. Herein, we prepared a completely cationic-disordered O3-type Na0.8Ni0.6Sb0.4O2 compound by composition regulation for SIBs. Surprisingly, the measured redox potentials for typical O3-P3 phase transition are located at 3.4 V. Operando X-ray diffraction confirms a reversible phase transition process from the O3 to P3 structure accompanied with a very small volume change (1.0%) upon sodium extraction and insertion. The low activation barrier energy of 400 meV and the fast Na+ migration of 10-11 cm2·s-1 are further obtained by first-principles calculations and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, respectively. As a result, the O3-Na0.8Ni0.6Sb0.4O2 cathode displays a reversible capacity of 106 mA h g-1 at 0.1C (12 mA g-1), smooth charge-discharge curves, and a high average working voltage of 3.5 V during battery cycling. The results highlight the importance of searching for a new O3-type structure with cation-disordering and high working voltage for realizing high energy SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Sailong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Xie Y, Gabriel E, Fan L, Hwang I, Li X, Zhu H, Ren Y, Sun C, Pipkin J, Dustin M, Li M, Chen Z, Lee E, Xiong H. Role of Lithium Doping in P2-Na 0.67Ni 0.33Mn 0.67O 2 for Sodium-Ion Batteries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:4445-4455. [PMID: 34276133 PMCID: PMC8276578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
P2-structured Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (PNNMO) is a promising Na-ion battery cathode material, but its rapid capacity decay during cycling remains a hurdle. Li doping in layered transition-metal oxide (TMO) cathode materials is known to enhance their electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, the influence of Li at different locations in the structure has not been investigated. Here, the crystallographic role and electrochemical impact of lithium on different sites in PNNMO is investigated in Li x Na0.67-y Ni0.33Mn0.67O2+δ (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, y = 0, 0.1). Lithium occupancy on prismatic Na sites is promoted in Na-deficient (Na < 0.67) PNNMO, evidenced by ex situ and operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and 7Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Partial substitution of Na with Li leads to enhanced stability and slightly increased specific capacity compared to PNNMO. In contrast, when lithium is located primarily on octahedral TM sites, capacity is increased but at the cost of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Eric Gabriel
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Longlong Fan
- ChemMatCARS, University of
Chicago c/o APS/ANL, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Julie Pipkin
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Malia Dustin
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Zonghai Chen
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Eungje Lee
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho
Falls, Idaho 83401, United States
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20
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Zhang SY, Guo YJ, Zhou YN, Zhang XD, Niu YB, Wang EH, Huang LB, An PF, Zhang J, Yang XA, Yin YX, Xu S, Guo YG. P3/O3 Integrated Layered Oxide as High-Power and Long-Life Cathode toward Na-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007236. [PMID: 33590714 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost and stable sodium-layered oxides (such as P2- and O3-phases) are suggested as highly promising cathode materials for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Biphasic hybridization, mainly involving P2/O3 and P2/P3 biphases, is typically used to boost their electrochemical performances. Herein, a P3/O3 intergrown layered oxide (Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn1/3 Ti1/3 O2 ) as high-rate and long-life cathode for NIBs via tuning the amounts of Ti substitution in Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3- x Tix O2 (x = 0, 1/6, 1/3, 2/3) is demonstrated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy show the co-existence of P3 and O3 phases, and density functional theory calculation corroborates the appearance of the anomalous O3 phase at the Ti substitution amount of 1/3. The P3/O3 biphasic cathode delivers an unexpected rate capability (≈88.7% of the initial capacity at a high rate of 5 C) and cycling stability (≈68.7% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1 C), superior to those of the sing phases P3-Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2 , P3-Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn1/2 Ti1/6 O2 , and O3-Na2/3 Ni1/3 Ti2/3 O2 . The highly reversible structural evolution of the P3/O3 integrated cathode observed by ex situ XRD, ex situ X-ray absorption spectra, and the rapid Na+ diffusion kinetics, underpin the enhancement. These results show the important role of P3/O3 biphasic hybridization in designing and engineering layered oxide cathodes for NIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - En-Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Bo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei An
- Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin-An Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xia Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sailong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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21
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Chen X, Cheng C, Ding M, Xia Y, Chang LY, Chan TS, Tang H, Zhang N, Zhang L. Elucidating the Redox Behavior in Different P-type Layered Oxides for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43665-43673. [PMID: 32876426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium layered transition-metal oxides have attracted great attention for advanced Na-ion batteries (NIBs) because of their rich structural diversity and superior specific capacity provided by not only cation redox reactions but also possible oxygen-related anionic redox reactions. However, they usually undergo severe electrochemical performance fading, especially the voltage retention during the cationic and anionic redox processes. Herein, we design and synthesize a couple of novel sodium lithium magnesium aluminum manganese oxides (Na0.75Li0.2Mg0.05Al0.05Mn0.7O2) with the same Na+ coordination environment but different oxide layer stacking sequences, namely, P2-NLMAMO and P3-NLMAMO. We systematically investigate and compare the voltage decay phenomenon and the cationic/anionic redox processes under different electrochemical cycling windows combined with ex situ hard and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques. The results clearly indicate that the P2-NLMAMO electrode with a lower extent of Mn redox is prone to deliver a superior capacity retention and rate performance, more importantly, a higher average voltage in contrast to the P3-type counterpart. In addition, negligible change is detected for the average discharge voltage upon extended cycling when increasing the discharge cutoff voltage to 2.5 V for both P2-NLMAMO and P3-NLMAMO. This unique feature work provides an effective strategy for developing high-capacity P-type layered cathodes based on both cationic and anionic redox chemistry under controlled crystal structure arrangement, which could lead to a deeper understanding of the correlation between crystal structure and electrochemical performance for NIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manling Ding
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujian Xia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lo-Yueh Chang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Shan Chan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Haolin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Sun R, Zhang X, San Hui K, Zhang K, Xu G, Li C, Ma J, He W. NaTi
2
(PO
4
)
3
/N‐Doped Hard Carbon Nanocomposites with Sandwich Structure for High‐Performance Na‐Ion Full Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sun
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
| | - Kwan San Hui
- Energy and Environment Laboratory, School of Engineering University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | - Keliang Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
| | - Guogang Xu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
| | - Changgang Li
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250353 China
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23
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Kim HJ, Ramasamy HV, Jeong GH, Aravindan V, Lee YS. Deciphering the Structure-Property Relationship of Na-Mn-Co-Mg-O as a Novel High-Capacity Layered-Tunnel Hybrid Cathode and Its Application in Sodium-Ion Capacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10268-10279. [PMID: 32039578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel cathode materials with a high energy density and long cycling stability is necessary for Na-ion batteries and Na-ion hybrid capacitors (NICs). Despite their high energy density, structural flexibility, and ease of synthesis, P-type Na layered oxides cannot be utilized in energy-storage applications owing to their severe capacity fading. In this regard, we report a novel composite layered-tunnel Na0.5Mn0.5Co0.48Mg0.02O2 cathode whose binary structure was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Combination of the two-dimensional (2D) layered oxides with the three-dimensional tunnel structure, as well as the presence of Mg2+ ions, resulted in a high capacity of 145 mAh g-1 at a current density of 85 mA g-1, along with a high stability and rate capability. An NIC was fabricated with composite layered-tunnel structure as a battery-type electrode and commercial activated carbon as a counter electrode. The NIC exhibited a maximum energy density of 35 Wh kg-1 and good stability retaining 72% of its initial energy density after 3000 cycles. This integrated approach provides a new method for designing high-energy and high-power cathodes for NICs and NIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Kim
- Department of Advanced Chemicals and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hari Vignesh Ramasamy
- Department of Advanced Chemicals and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Advanced Chemicals and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Vanchiappan Aravindan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Yun-Sung Lee
- Department of Advanced Chemicals and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 61186, Republic of Korea
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