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Wu L, Liu J, Liu X, Mou P, Lv H, Liu R, Wen J, Zhao J, Li J, Wang G. Microwave-Absorbing Foams with Adjustable Absorption Frequency and Structural Coloration. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3369-3377. [PMID: 38373202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Microwave-absorbing materials with regulatable absorption frequency and optical camouflage hold great significance in intelligent electronic devices and advanced stealth technology. Herein, we present an innovative microwave-absorbing foam that can dynamically tune microwave absorption frequencies via a simple mechanical compression while in parallel enabling optical camouflage over broad spectral ranges by adjusting the structural colors. The vivid colors spanning different color categories generated from thin-film interference can be precisely regulated by adjusting the thickness of the conformal TiO2 coatings on Ni/melamine foam. Enhanced interfacial and defect-induced polarizations resulting from the introduction of TiO2 coating synergistically contribute to the dielectric attenuation performance. Consequently, such a foam exhibits exceptional microwave absorption capabilities, and the absorption frequency can be dynamically tuned from the S band to the Ku band by manipulating its compression ratio. Additionally, simulation calculations validate the adjustable electromagnetic wave loss behavior, offering valuable insights for the development of next-generation intelligent electromagnetic devices across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Pico Electron Microscopy of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Center for New Pharmaceutical Development and Testing of Haikou, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Pengpeng Mou
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haiming Lv
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jinchuan Zhao
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Pico Electron Microscopy of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Center for New Pharmaceutical Development and Testing of Haikou, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jianlin Li
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Pico Electron Microscopy of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Center for New Pharmaceutical Development and Testing of Haikou, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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Liang L, Li C, Yang X, Chen Z, Zhang B, Yang Y, Ji G. Pneumatic Structural Deformation to Enhance Resonance Behavior for Broadband and Adaptive Radar Stealth. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2652-2660. [PMID: 38364102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ideal radar absorbing materials (RAMs) require instantaneous, programmable, and spontaneous adaptability to cope with a complex electromagnetic (EM) environment across the full working frequency. Despite various material systems and adaptive mechanisms having been demonstrated, it remains a formidable challenge to integrate these benefits simultaneously. Here, we present a pneumatic matrix that couples morphable MXene/elastomer conductors with dielectric spacers, which leverages controllable airflow to reconfigure the spatial structure between a flat sheet and a hemispherical crown while maintaining resistance stability via wrinkle folding and unfolding. The interdimensional reconfigurations drastically induce multiple resonance behavior, enabling the matrix remarkable frequency tunability (144.5%), ultrawide bandwidth (15 GHz), weak angular dependence (45° incidence), ultrafast responsiveness (∼30 ms), and excellent reproducibility (1000 cycles). With multichannel fluidic and conceptual automated control systems, the final pneumatic device demonstrates a multiplexed, programmable, and autonomous transformable mode that builds a promising platform for smart radar cloaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyue Yang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Chen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Ji
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
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Jiao P, Zhang H, Li W. Origami Tribo-Metamaterials with Mechanoelectrical Multistability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2873-2880. [PMID: 36595717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The emerging mechanical functional metamaterials reported with promising mechanoelectrical characteristics bring increasing attention to structurally functional materials. It is essential to deploy mechanical metamaterials in energy materials for effective triggering and controllable mechanoelectrical response. This study reports origami tribo-metamaterials (OTMs) that design triboelectric materials in the origami-enabled, tubular metamaterials. The octagonal, hexagonal, and conical origami units are deployed as the metamaterial substrates to trigger the triboelectric pairs for mechanoelectrical multistability. For the octagonal OTM configuration with the triboelectric pair of fluorinated ethylene propylene-paper, the peak open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge are obtained as 206.4 V, 4.66 μA, and 0.38 μC, respectively, and the maximum instantaneous output power density is 0.96 μW/cm2 with the load resistance of 20 MΩ. The OTM takes advantage of the origami metamaterials to obtain the multistable force-displacement response as effective stimuli for the triboelectric materials, which leads to tunable mechanoelectrical performance for speed and weight sensing and energy harvesting. The proposed OTM not only offers a strategy to structurally design energy materials to achieve desirable mechanoelectrical response, but also provides a guideline for the applications of mechanical functional metamaterials in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Jiao
- Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Li
- Interdisciplinary Student Training Platform for Marine Areas, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310027, P. R. China
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Reconfigurable broadband metasurfaces with nearly perfect absorption and high efficiency polarization conversion in THz range. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18779. [PMID: 36335211 PMCID: PMC9637145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconfigurable metasurfaces (RMSs) that enable the switching function of absorption and polarization conversion have attracted increasing attention. However, the design of RMSs to achieve wideband and high efficiency for both absorption and polarization conversion functions simultaneously remains a great challenge. Here, we propose the design of a RMS structure with a high-efficiency cross-polarization conversion and nearly perfect absorption. The reconfiguration between different functions of polarization conversion and absorption is obtained based on the reversible insulator-to-metal phase transition of Vanadium dioxide (VO[Formula: see text]). When the VO[Formula: see text] is in insulator state, the RMS realizes the cross-polarization conversion function in the wideband of 1.04-3.75 THz with a relative bandwidth up to 113 [Formula: see text] due to the multi-resonant modes of electric and magnetic resonances. Meanwhile, the nearly-perfect absorption is achieved in the range of 1.36-3.38 THz with the corresponding relative bandwidth up to 85 [Formula: see text] for the VO[Formula: see text] in metallic state. Specially, the wideband and high-efficiency performance of these functionalities is maintained for a wide angle incidence. The capability of bi-functional switch and integration with polarization conversion and absorption in a single metasurface structure endowed with both wideband and high-efficiency characteristics for a wide incident angle is very promising for emerging RMS devices in the terahertz region.
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Li W, Xu M, Xu HX, Wang X, Huang W. Metamaterial Absorbers: From Tunable Surface to Structural Transformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202509. [PMID: 35604541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration, remarkable progress has been made in the theoretical analysis, structural design, numerical simulation, and potential applications of metamaterial absorbers (MAs). With the continuous advancement of novel materials and creative designs, the absorption of MAs is significantly improved over a wide frequency spectrum from microwaves to the optical regime. Further, the integration of active elements into the MA design allows the dynamical manipulation of electromagnetic waves, opening a new platform to push breakthroughs in metadevices. In the last several years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative approaches for incorporating tunability to MAs, which is highly desirable because of the progressively increasing demand on designing versatile metadevices. Here, a comprehensive and systematical overview of active MAs with adaptive and on-demand manner is presented, highlighting innovative materials and unique strategies to precisely control the electromagnetic response. In addition to the mainstream method by manipulating periodic patterns, two additional approaches, including tailoring dielectric spacer and transforming overall structure are called back. Following this, key parameters, such as operating frequency, relative tuning range, and switching speed are summarized and compared to guide for optimum design. Finally, potential opportunities in the development of active MAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Manzhang Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
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Bui HN, Phi NH, Alsaadi A, Lee JW. Space-Time-Modulated Reconfigurable Metamaterial Based on a Field-Focused Cavity for Nonreciprocal Transmission Control and Frequency Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26931-26940. [PMID: 35657371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lorentz reciprocity is a fundamental physical property limiting advanced wave propagation control. Previously, special materials and magnetic bias were used to break the reciprocity; however, the approaches are limited by the bulky and costly implementation. To achieve nonreciprocity without magnetic bias, space-time-modulated metamaterials have been investigated for far-field wave propagation control. The metamaterial can also support wave propagation based on near-field coupling between the periodically arranged unit cells, i.e., magneto-inductive waves (MIWs). Near-field wave propagation control via the metamaterial has various significant applications; nevertheless, the potential for near-field wave propagation control has not been fully explored. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the potential of the space-time-modulated near-field metamaterial. This paper demonstrates nonreciprocal MIW propagation control using a space-time-modulated metamaterial. To achieve field manipulation, we propose a tunable unit cell suitable for creating a cavity mode at a deep subwavelength scale (∼λ/103). Spatial field modulation, achieved by breaking the translational symmetry of the unit cells, allows for the creation of reconfigurable waveguides on the metamaterial. Temporal field modulation, achieved by breaking the capacitive symmetry of the varactor, allows for direction-dependent transmission in the waveguide. This spatiotemporal modulation successfully achieves nonreciprocal wave propagation and frequency conversion, investigated under various conditions. The proposed space-time-modulated metamaterial may provide significant advances for a wide range of systems that require dynamic, nonreciprocal, near-field wave propagation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Nguyen Bui
- School of Electronics and Information, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hung Phi
- School of Electronics and Information, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdulrahman Alsaadi
- School of Electronics and Information, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Lee
- School of Electronics and Information, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In recent years, tunable metamaterials have attracted intensive research interest due to their outstanding characteristics, which are dependent on the geometrical dimensions rather than the material composition of the nanostructure. Among tuning approaches, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is a well-known technology that mechanically reconfigures the metamaterial unit cells. In this study, the development of MEMS-based metamaterial is reviewed and analyzed based on several types of actuators, including electrothermal, electrostatic, electromagnetic, and stretching actuation mechanisms. The moveable displacement and driving power are the key factors in evaluating the performance of actuators. Therefore, a comparison of actuating methods is offered as a basic guideline for selecting micro-actuators integrated with metamaterial. Additionally, by exploiting electro-mechanical inputs, MEMS-based metamaterials make possible the manipulation of incident electromagnetic waves, including amplitude, frequency, phase, and the polarization state, which enables many implementations of potential applications in optics. In particular, two typical applications of MEMS-based tunable metamaterials are reviewed, i.e., logic operation and sensing. These integrations of MEMS with metamaterial provide a novel route for the enhancement of conventional optical devices and exhibit great potentials in innovative applications, such as intelligent optical networks, invisibility cloaks, photonic signal processing, and so on.
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Jeong H, Park E, Lim S. Four-Dimensional Printed Shape Memory Metasurface to Memorize Absorption and Reflection Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59487-59496. [PMID: 34855355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional metasurfaces help wireless communication to reach beyond current electromagnetic control device limitations. However, current reconfigurable functional metasurfaces require separate systems for function control. In particular, it is difficult to realize millimeter-wavelength regimes due to the increasing number of active elements with the reduction in unit cell size. This paper proposes a four-dimensional printed memory metasurface to memorize absorption and reflection function in millimeter-wavelength regimes. Thus, metasurfaces with electromagnetic absorption and reflection functions can be realized through mechanical shape memory by memorizing electromagnetic properties using four-dimensional printed structures. The desired electromagnetic performance was experimentally demonstrated and deformation time to memorize the initial structure was measured. The results confirmed that the proposed four-dimensional printed metasurface has potential for considerable contribution to multifunctional wireless devices such as smart electromagnetic wave control systems in reconfigurable intelligent surface, stealth, and wireless sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heijun Jeong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eiyong Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Li W, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Zou Y. Origami-based microwave absorber with a reconfigurable bandwidth. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1349-1352. [PMID: 33720184 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurability is critical for the research fields in electromagnetics, mechanics, and acoustics, due to the controllability of functionalities. This Letter numerically and experimentally demonstrates an origami-based absorber with a reconfigurable bandwidth. The proposed structure provides four transformable models: flat sheet, single-arch-folded, double-arch-folded, and U-shaped strips filled, corresponding to the performance of nearly no absorption, one-peak absorption, two-peak absorption, and ultra-broadband absorption (3.4-18 GHz), which clearly demonstrates the bandwidth-enhancement effect. In contrast with the traditional structural absorbers, the transformable flat sheet and U-shaped strips are obtained by three-dimensional printing, which exhibits an obvious superiority in prototype fabrication. These results provide a feasible strategy for energy dissipation and origami transformation.
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Transforming single-band static FSS to dual-band dynamic FSS using origami. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13884. [PMID: 32807866 PMCID: PMC7431414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) have been used to control and shape electromagnetic waves. Previous design approaches use complex geometries that are challenging to implement. With the purpose to transform electromagnetic waves, we morph the shapes of FSS designs based on origami patterns to attain new degrees of freedom and achieve enhanced electromagnetic performance. Specifically, using origami patterns with strongly coupled electromagnetic resonators, we transform a single-band FSS to a dual-band FSS. We explain this transformation by showing that both symmetric and anti-symmetric modes are excited due to the strong coupling and suitable orientation of the elements. Also, our origami FSS can fold/unfold thereby tuning (i.e., reconfiguring) its dual-band performance. Therefore, the proposed FSS is a dynamic reconfigurable electromagnetic structure whereas traditional FSSs are static and cannot change their performance.
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