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Cao W, Lai D, Yang J, Liu L, Wu H, Wang J, Liu Y. Research Progress on the Preparation Methods for and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Black Phosphorus and Black Phosphorus Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:892. [PMID: 38786848 PMCID: PMC11124063 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Black phosphorus and black phosphorus nanosheets are widely used in the flame retardant field because of their excellent properties, but the immature preparation methods have resulted in extremely high preparation cost, which greatly limits their development and application. In this paper, various preparation methods of black phosphorus and black phosphorus nanosheets are described in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed in depth, the flame-retardant mechanism and application of black phosphorus and black phosphorus nanosheets in flame retardants are discussed, and the subsequent development direction of black phosphorus and black phosphorus nanosheets is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (W.C.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dengwang Lai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (W.C.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412007, China;
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (W.C.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (W.C.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jin Wang
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412007, China;
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (W.C.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
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2
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Shutt RRC, Ramireddy T, Stylianidis E, Di Mino C, Ingle RA, Ing G, Wibowo AA, Nguyen HT, Howard CA, Glushenkov AM, Stewart A, Clancy AJ. Synthesis of Black Phosphorene Quantum Dots from Red Phosphorus. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301232. [PMID: 37435907 PMCID: PMC10947263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorene quantum dots (BPQDs) are most commonly derived from high-cost black phosphorus, while previous syntheses from the low-cost red phosphorus (Pred ) allotrope are highly oxidised. Herein, we present an intrinsically scalable method to produce high quality BPQDs, by first ball-milling Pred to create nanocrystalline Pblack and subsequent reductive etching using lithium electride solvated in liquid ammonia. The resultant ~25 nm BPQDs are crystalline with low oxygen content, and spontaneously soluble as individualized monolayers in tertiary amide solvents, as directly imaged by liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy. This new method presents a scalable route to producing quantities of high quality BPQDs for academic and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. C. Shutt
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Thrinathreddy Ramireddy
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
- Battery Storage and Grid Integration ProgramThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | | | - Camilla Di Mino
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Rebecca A. Ingle
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Gabriel Ing
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Ary A. Wibowo
- School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | - Hieu T. Nguyen
- School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | | | - Alexey M. Glushenkov
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
- Battery Storage and Grid Integration ProgramThe Australian National UniversityActonACT 2601Australia
| | - Andrew Stewart
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Adam J. Clancy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
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Ma S, Wei Y, Sun R, Xu H, Liu X, Wang Y, Liang Z, Hu Y, Lian X, Ma X, Huang D. Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements Incorporated with Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Enhanced Osteogenesis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:292-302. [PMID: 36525060 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For decades, calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) showed impressive advantages for their good biocompatibility, injectability, and osteoconductivity in the bone repair field. However, it is still difficult to prepare CPCs with outstanding antibacterial and self-curing properties, sufficient phosphorus release, and osteoinductivity for clinical application. Herein, we used partially crystallized calcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate anhydrate particles incorporated with black phosphorous nanosheets to prepare calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs). The curing time, compressive strength, photothermal properties, and degradation performance of BP/CPC were investigated. In addition, the cytocompatibility and osteoinductivity of BP/CPC were evaluated by cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, alkaline phosphatase detection, alizarin red staining, and western blot assay. The results indicated that BP/CPC showed adjustable curing time, good cytocompatibility, outstanding photothermal properties, and osteoinductivity, suggesting their potential application for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.,Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Ruize Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Haofeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.,Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Yinchun Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.,Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.,Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.,Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
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Antonatos N, Šturala J, Mazánek V, Sedmidubský D, Veselý M, Růžička K, Hejtmánek J, Levinsky P, Sofer Z. Black Phosphorus: Fundamental Properties and Influence of Impurities Induced by Its Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34867-34874. [PMID: 35856643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) has been among the most widely explored materials in recent years because of its exceptional properties. A vapor transport method using tin and iodide as mineralizers was used to synthesize large crystals which can be used for fundamental physical characterization including electrical and heat transport and heat capacity. This method is compared to other reported procedures (high-pressure crystal growth and mercury catalysis) which are broadly used and the most dominant procedures for the obtainment of bulk layered BP. In addition, we have investigated any possible impurities which could have been introduced by synthesis and their possible incorporation into BP and their influence on the physical properties of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazánek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Veselý
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslav Růžička
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Hejtmánek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 112/10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Levinsky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 112/10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Liu H, Zou Q, Kim MG, Qiao Z, Nguyen DTT, Koo B, Lee HJ, Jang YO, Kim JK, Shin Y. Homobifunctional Imidoester Combined Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Used as Cofactors for Nucleic Acid Extraction. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, 2D materials have been implemented in several applications due to their unique and unprecedented properties. Several examples can be named, from the very first, graphene, to transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g., MoS2), two-dimensional inorganic compounds (MXenes), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), or black phosphorus (BP). On the other hand, the accessible and low-cost 3D printers and design software converted the 3D printing methods into affordable fabrication tools worldwide. The implementation of this technique for the preparation of new composites based on 2D materials provides an excellent platform for next-generation technologies. This review focuses on the recent advances of 3D printing of the 2D materials family and its applications; the newly created printed materials demonstrated significant advances in sensors, biomedical, and electrical applications.
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Dispersion of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus in Binary Polymer Blend and Block Copolymer Matrices. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081996. [PMID: 34443827 PMCID: PMC8398111 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliated black phosphorus (bP) embedded into a polymer is preserved from oxidation, is stable to air, light, and humidity, and can be further processed into devices without degrading its properties. Most of the examples of exfoliated bP/polymer composites involve a single polymer matrix. Herein, we report the preparation of biphasic polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (50/50 wt.%) composites containing few-layer black phosphorus (fl-bP) (0.6–1 wt.%) produced by sonicated-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed the integrity of fl-bP, while scanning electron microscopy evidenced the influence of fl-bP into the coalescence of polymeric phases. Furthermore, the topography of thin films analyzed by atomic force microscopy confirmed the effect of fl-bP into the PS dewetting, and the selective PS etching of thin films revealed the presence of fl-bP flakes. Finally, a block copolymer/fl-bP composite (1.2 wt.%) was prepared via in situ reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization by sonication-assisted exfoliation of bP into styrene. For this sample, 31P solid-state NMR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed an excellent preservation of bP structure.
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Bui TX, Fang TH, Lee CI. Anisotropic crack propagation and self-healing mechanism of freestanding black phosphorus nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:165704. [PMID: 33418547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd9f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an indentation simulation is employed to study the anisotropic crack propagation and re-forming mechanism of freestanding black phosphorus (FBP) nanosheets by molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicate that the size of the FBP nanosheet decides the crack direction as well as the von Mises stress concentration. It is found that crack directions are not influenced by temperature. With increasing specimen size, the crack propagation rate is nearly the same as at the first stage of crack formation, while in the later stage, cracking develops very quickly in larger specimens. Especially, small FBP nanosheets almost re-form in a short time at ambient temperature. However, after being destroyed, the larger specimen has no possibility of recovery. Besides, when increasing the number of layers of FBP, the energy stored by the top layer and the system undergoing deformation increases. In addition, the specimen with two fixed edges is less stable, leading to increased stress and decreased Young's modulus compared with the specimen with four fixed edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Xuyen Bui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- University of Technology and Education - The University of Danang, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Te-Hua Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Zhou H, Peng J, Li J, You J, Lai L, Liu R, Ao Z, Yao G, Lai B. Metal-free black-red phosphorus as an efficient heterogeneous reductant to boost Fe 3+/Fe 2+ cycle for peroxymonosulfate activation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116529. [PMID: 33125998 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel metal-free black-red phosphorus (BRP) was prepared from red phosphorus (RP) and applied in Fe2+/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process. Compared with that of RP, the contaminant degradation performance of BRP was significantly elevated due to the enhanced electron transfer from BRP to Fe3+. This enhancement was mainly induced by size decrease effect, the removal of oxidation layer and the partial phase conversion. Moreoevr, BRP avoided the radical quenching reaction caused by reductant itself, whereas it was inevitable using homogeneous reductant like hydroxylamine. More importantly, the system had a superior recyclability and strong resistance to natural water. Though concurrent side-reaction between PMS and BRP occured, multiple PMS dosage could remarkedly alleviated the side-reaction, thus elevating PMS utilization efficiency. The dominant BRP oxidation products included phosphite and phosphate. Interestingly, moderate increase of Fe3+ concentration could efficiently reduce the by-product formation via the prompt PMS activation by regenerated Fe2+. Our work clarified the acceleration mechanism of Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle by BRP and proposed the control strategy of by-prodoct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiali Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Junjie You
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Leiduo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Bo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Liu X, Xiao L, Weng J, Xu Q, Li W, Zhao C, Xu J, Zhao Y. Regulating the reactivity of black phosphorus via protective chemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabb4359. [PMID: 33177081 PMCID: PMC7673725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rationally regulating the reactivity of molecules or functional groups is common in organic chemistry, both in laboratory and industry synthesis. This concept can be applied to inorganic nanomaterials, particularly two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets. The high reactivity of few-layer (even monolayer) BP is expected to be "shut down" when not required and to be resumed upon application. Here, we demonstrate a protective chemistry-based methodology for regulating BP reactivity. The protective step initiates from binding Al3+ with lone pair electrons from P to decrease the electron density on the BP surface, and ends with an oxygen/water-resistant layer through the self-assembly of hydrophobic 1,2-benzenedithiol (BDT) on BP/Al3+ This protective step yields a stabilized BP with low reactivity. Deprotection of the obtained BP/Al3+/BDT is achieved by chelator treatment, which removes Al3+ and BDT from the BP surface. The deprotective process recovers the electron density of BP and thus restores the reactivity of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liangping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingchi Xu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wanli Li
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
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