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Anabestani H, Nabavi S, Bhadra S. Advances in Flexible Organic Photodetectors: Materials and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3775. [PMID: 36364551 PMCID: PMC9655925 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Future electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable in order to enable the development of lightweight and conformal applications. In contrast, photodetectors, an integral component of electronic devices, remain rigid, which prevents their integration into everyday life applications. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid photodetectors, particularly their low mechanical deformability. One of the most promising routes toward facilitating the fabrication of flexible photodetectors is to replace conventional optoelectronic materials with nanomaterials or organic materials that are intrinsically flexible. Compared with other functional materials, organic polymers and molecules have attracted more attention for photodetection applications due to their excellent photodetection performance, cost-effective solution-fabrication capability, flexible design, and adaptable manufacturing processes. This article comprehensively discusses recent advances in flexible organic photodetectors in terms of optoelectronic, mechanical properties, and hybridization with other material classes. Furthermore, flexible organic photodetector applications in health-monitoring sensors, X-ray detection, and imager devices have been surveyed.
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Xiang H, Chaudhary M, Tripon-Canseliet C, Chen Z. Colloidal upconversion nanocrystals enable low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive switch operating at λ = 1.55 μm. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:45LT01. [PMID: 34330125 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave photoconductive switches, allowing an optical control on the magnitude and phase of the microwave signals to be transmitted, are important components for many optoelectronic applications. In recent years, there are significant demands to develop photoconductive switches functional in the short-wave-infrared spectrum window (e.g.λ = 1.3-1.55μm) but most state-of-the-art semiconductors for photoconductive switches cannot achieve this goal. In this work, we propose a novel approach, by the use of solution-processed colloidal upconversion nanocrystals deposited directly onto low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs), to achieve microwave photoconductive switches functional atλ = 1.55μm illumination. Hybrid upconversion Er3+-doped NaYF4nanocrystal/LT-GaAs photoconductive switch was fabricated. Under a continuous waveλ = 1.55μm laser illumination (power density ∼ 12.9 mWμm-2), thanks to the upconversion energy transfer from the nanocrystals, a more than 2-fold larger value in decibel was measured for the ON/OFF ratio on the hybrid nanocrystal/LT-GaAs device by comparison to the control device without upconversion nanoparticles. A maximum ON/OFF ratio reaching 20.6 dB was measured on the nanocrystal/LT-GaAs hybrid device at an input signal frequency of 20 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyang Xiang
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahima Chaudhary
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Tripon-Canseliet
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhuoying Chen
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
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Xiang H, Zhou L, Lin HJ, Hu Z, Zhao N, Chen Z. Upconversion nanoparticles extending the spectral sensitivity of silicon photodetectors to λ = 1.5 μm. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:495201. [PMID: 32990270 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb2c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The telecommunication wavelength of λ = 1.5 μm has been playing an important role in various fields. In particular, performing photodetection at this wavelength is challenging, demanding more performance stability and lower manufacturing cost. In this work, upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)/Si hybrid photodetectors (hybrid PDs) are presented, made by integrating solution-processed Er3+-doped NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) onto a silicon photodetector. After optimization, we demonstrated that a layer of UCNPs can well lead to an effective spectral sensitivity extension without sacrificing the photodetection performance of the Si photodetector in the visible and near-infrared (near-IR) spectrum. Under λ = 1.5 μm illumination, the hybrid UCNPs/Si-PD exhibits a room-temperature detectivity of 6.15 × 1012 Jones and a response speed of 0.4 ms. These UCNPs/Si-PDs represent a promising hybrid strategy in the quest for low-cost and broadband photodetection that is sensitive in the spectrum from visible light down to the short-wave infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyang Xiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronics and Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lei Zhou
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai×3an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hung-Ju Lin
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhelu Hu
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoying Chen
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
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Kumar B, Singh SV, Chattopadhyay A, Biring S, Pal BN. Scalable Synthesis of a Sub-10 nm Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2) Nanocrystal by the Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Technique and Its Application in a Heavy-Metal-Free Broad-Band Photodetector. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25947-25953. [PMID: 33073121 PMCID: PMC7558061 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A heavy-metal-free chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocrystal has been synthesized via microwave-assisted growth. Large-scale nanocrystals with an average particle size of 5 nm are fabricated by this technique within a very short period of time without any need for organic ligands. Scanning electron microscopy study (SEM) of individual synthesis steps indicates that aggregates of nanocrystals are formed as flakes during microwave-assisted synthesis. The colloidal solution of the CuFeS2 nanocrystal was prepared by sonicating these flakes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study reveals the growth of sub-10 nm CuFeS2 nanocrystals that are further characterized by X-ray diffraction. UV-visible absorption spectroscopic study shows that the band gap of this nanocrystal is ∼1.3 eV. To investigate the photosensitive nature of this nanocrystal, a bilayer p-n heterojunction photodetector has been fabricated using this nontoxic CuFeS2 nanocrystal as a photoactive material and n-type ZnO as a charge-transport layer. The detectivity of this photodetector reaches above 1012 Jones in visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions under 10 V external bias, which is significantly high for a nontoxic nanocrystal-based photodetector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Kumar
- School
of Materials Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh
- School
of Materials Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhimanyu Chattopadhyay
- School
of Materials Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sajal Biring
- Organic
Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Bhola N. Pal
- School
of Materials Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
- Organic
Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Dong Y, Chen M, Yiu WK, Zhu Q, Zhou G, Kershaw SV, Ke N, Wong CP, Rogach AL, Zhao N. Solution Processed Hybrid Polymer: HgTe Quantum Dot Phototransistor with High Sensitivity and Fast Infrared Response up to 2400 nm at Room Temperature. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000068. [PMID: 32596115 PMCID: PMC7312319 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Narrow bandgap semiconductor-based photodetectors often suffer from high room-temperature noise and are therefore operated at low temperatures. Here, a hybrid poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): HgTe quantum dot (QD) phototransistor is reported, which exhibits high sensitivity and fast photodetection up to 2400 nm wavelength range at room temperature. The active layer of the phototransistor consists of HgTe QDs well dispersed in a P3HT matrix. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirm that chemical grafting between P3HT and HgTe QDs is realized after undergoing prolonged coblend stirring and a ligand exchange process. Thanks to the shifting of the charge transport into the P3HT and the partial passivation of the surface traps of HgTe QDs in the blend, the P3HT: HgTe QD hybrid phototransistor shows significantly improved gate-voltage tuning, 15 times faster response, and ≈80% reduction in the noise level compared to a pristine HgTe QD control device. More than 1011 Jones specific detectivity (estimated from the noise spectral density measured at 1 kHz) is achieved at room temperature, and the response time (measured at 22 mW cm-2 illumination intensity) of the device is less than 1.5 µs. That is comparable to commercial epitaxially grown IR photodetectors operated in the same wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Mengyu Chen
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Wai Kin Yiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Guodong Zhou
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Stephen V. Kershaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Ning Ke
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Ching Ping Wong
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Andrey L. Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New Territories, 999077Hong Kong SARChina
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