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Maggay IV, Liao TY, Venault A, Lin HT, Chao CC, Wei TC, Chang Y. Leveraging the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Process to Create Regenerative Biocidal ePTFE Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48001-48014. [PMID: 37787514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment for modifying substrate surfaces constitutes an easy and simple approach with a potential for diverse applications. This technique was used to modify the surface of a commercial porous expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) film with either dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) or (trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate chloride (TMAEMA) monomers, aiming to obtain antibacterial ePTFE. Physicochemical analyses of the membranes revealed that DBD successfully enhanced the surface energy and surface charge of the membranes while maintaining high porosity (>75%) and large pore size (>1.0 μm). Evaluation of the bacteria killing-releasing (K-R) function revealed that both DMAEMA and TMAEMA endowed ePTFE with the ability to kill Escherichia coli bacteria. However, only TMAEMA-grafted ePTFE allowed for the release of dead bacteria from the surface upon washing with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) saline solution, owing to its cationic charge derived from the quaternary amine. Washing with SHMP disturbed the electrostatic force between the polymer brushes and dead bacteria, which caused the release of the dead bacteria. Lastly, dead-end bacteria filtration showed that the TMAEMA-grafted ePTFE was able to kill 99.78% of the bacteria, while approximately 61.55% of bacteria were killed upon contact. The present findings support the feasibility of using DBD plasma treatment for designing surfaces that target bacteria and aid in the containment of disease-causing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irish Valerie Maggay
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Yu Liao
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Antoine Venault
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hao-Tung Lin
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chao
- Tasheh Biotec Co., LTD, 226, Yuan-Pei Street, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Chin Wei
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung Chang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 32023, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Vieira B, Padrão J, Alves C, Silva CJ, Vilaça H, Zille A. Enhancing Functionalization of Health Care Textiles with Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydroxyapatite Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111752. [PMID: 37299655 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals and nursing home wards are areas prone to the propagation of infections and are of particular concern regarding the spreading of dangerous viruses and multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). MDRB infections comprise approximately 20% of cases in hospitals and nursing homes. Healthcare textiles, such as blankets, are ubiquitous in hospitals and nursing home wards and may be easily shared between patients/users without an adequate pre-cleaning process. Therefore, functionalizing these textiles with antimicrobial properties may considerably reduce the microbial load and prevent the propagation of infections, including MDRB. Blankets are mainly comprised of knitted cotton (CO), polyester (PES), and cotton-polyester (CO-PES). These fabrics were functionalized with novel gold-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (AuNPs-HAp) that possess antimicrobial properties, due to the presence of the AuNPs' amine and carboxyl groups, and low propensity to display toxicity. For optimal functionalization of the knitted fabrics, two pre-treatments, four different surfactants, and two incorporation processes were evaluated. Furthermore, exhaustion parameters (time and temperature) were subjected to a design of experiments (DoE) optimization. The concentration of AuNPs-HAp in the fabrics and their washing fastness were critical factors assessed through color difference (ΔE). The best performing knitted fabric was half bleached CO, functionalized using a surfactant combination of Imerol® Jet-B (surfactant A) and Luprintol® Emulsifier PE New (surfactant D) through exhaustion at 70 °C for 10 min. This knitted CO displayed antibacterial properties even after 20 washing cycles, showing its potential to be used in comfort textiles within healthcare environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Vieira
- CITEVE, Technological Centre for the Textile & Clothing Industry, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cátia Alves
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Joana Silva
- CITEVE, Technological Centre for the Textile & Clothing Industry, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Helena Vilaça
- CITEVE, Technological Centre for the Textile & Clothing Industry, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Andrea Zille
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Chen Q, Zhao K, Li G, Luo J, Li X, Zeng Y, Wang XM. Highly Permeable Polylactic Acid Membrane Grafted with Quaternary Ammonium Salt for Effective and Durable Water Disinfection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43741-43748. [PMID: 36099237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing usage of drinking water purifiers, highly permeable membranes with strong antimicrobial functions are desperately desirable for effective and durable water disinfection. Hereby, we prepared such antimicrobial membranes by chemical grafting of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) molecules, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (TPMMC), onto air plasma pretreated biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) substrates. The high chemical grafting density promoted very strong and positive zeta potential charge of the resulted PLA-QAS membrane, contributing to effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficiencies (>99.99%) against different microbes, including fungi and conventional and drug-resistant bacteria. The solid grafting of QAS molecules produced a durable antimicrobial performance of the PLA-QAS membrane. In addition, the pleated filter (0.45 m2) of PLA-QAS membrane showed outstanding bacteria rejection properties (>99.99%) and excellent washing durability (up to 20 m3 water) even at very high water filtration rates (up to 4 L/min). The disinfection mechanism was clarified that negatively charged bacteria could be rapidly adsorbed to positively charged PLA-QAS spinnings, followed by devastating cell membrane damage to bacterial debris, leaving a clean environment without significant biofilm and biofouling formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Chen
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Jiyue Luo
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Yingjie Zeng
- Shenzhen Angel Drinking Water Industrial Group Corporation, Angel Industrial Park, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518108, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Nguyen NT, Vo TLH. Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cordyline fruticosa L. Leave Extract Endowing Silk Fibroin Modified Viscose Fabric with Durable Antibacterial Property. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122409. [PMID: 35745988 PMCID: PMC9230683 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work presented a green synthetic route for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles obtained from aqueous solutions of silver nitrate using Cordyline fruticosa L. leaf extract (Col) as a reducing and capping agent for the first time. The bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgCol) were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained data demonstrated that AgCol in spherical shape with an average size of 28.5 nm were highly crystalline and well capped by phytocompounds from the Col extract. Moreover, the bio-synthesized AgCol also exhibited the effective antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The AgCol were applied as an antibacterial finishing agent for viscose fabric using a pad-dry curing technique. The AgCol-treated viscose fabrics exhibited a good synergistic antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Furthermore, the silk fibroin regenerated from Bombyx mori cocoon waste was utilized as an ecofriendly binder for the immobilization of AgCol on the viscose fabric. Thus, the antimicrobial efficacy of the AgCol and fibroin modified viscose fabric still reached 99.99% against the tested bacteria, even after 30 washing cycles. The colorimetric property, morphology, elemental composition, and distribution of AgCol on the treated fabrics were investigated using several analysis tools, including colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Kjeldahl, and FTIR. Because of the excellent antimicrobial efficiency and laundering durability, as well as the green synthesis method, the AgCol and fibroin modified viscose fabric could be utilized as an antibacterial material in sportswear and medical textile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Thang Nguyen
- Department of Textile Material and Chemical Processing, School of Textile-Leather and Fashion, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 11615, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-904309930
| | - Thi-Lan-Huong Vo
- Department of Fibre and Textile Technology, Hanoi Industrial Textile Garment University, Hanoi 12411, Vietnam;
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Plasma for biomedical decontamination: from plasma-engineered to plasma-active antimicrobial surfaces. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bäumler W, Eckl D, Holzmann T, Schneider-Brachert W. Antimicrobial coatings for environmental surfaces in hospitals: a potential new pillar for prevention strategies in hygiene. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:531-564. [PMID: 34699296 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1991271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports provide evidence that contaminated healthcare environments represent major sources for the acquisition and transmission of pathogens. Antimicrobial coatings (AMC) may permanently and autonomously reduce the contamination of such environmental surfaces complementing standard hygiene procedures. This review provides an overview of the current status of AMC and the demands to enable a rational application of AMC in health care settings. Firstly, a suitable laboratory test norm is required that adequately quantifies the efficacy of AMC. In particular, the frequently used wet testing (e.g. ISO 22196) must be replaced by testing under realistic, dry surface conditions. Secondly, field studies should be mandatory to provide evidence for antimicrobial efficacy under real-life conditions. The antimicrobial efficacy should be correlated to the rate of nosocomial transmission at least. Thirdly, the respective AMC technology should not add additional bacterial resistance development induced by the biocidal agents and co- or cross-resistance with antibiotic substances. Lastly, the biocidal substances used in AMC should be safe for humans and the environment. These measures should help to achieve a broader acceptance for AMC in healthcare settings and beyond. Technologies like the photodynamic approach already fulfil most of these AMC requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eckl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Holzmann
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Agarwal R, Jassal M, Agrawal AK. Nano surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics for enhanced comfort properties for activewear. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ma Y, Wisuthiphaet N, Bolt H, Nitin N, Zhao Q, Wang D, Pourdeyhimi B, Grondin P, Sun G. N-Halamine Polypropylene Nonwoven Fabrics with Rechargeable Antibacterial and Antiviral Functions for Medical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2329-2336. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicharee Wisuthiphaet
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hunter Bolt
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Behnam Pourdeyhimi
- The Nonwoven Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Pierre Grondin
- The Nonwoven Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Ding W, Yi J, Wang X, Shi L, Sun Q. Preparation of Cu–Cu 2O–CuO by solid combustion ignited by dielectric barrier discharge and its activity towards p-nitrophenol reduction. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge induces solid powder combustion at room temperature and atmosphere to prepare a high-activity catalyst for p-nitrophenol reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Jiaying Yi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Lei Shi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Qi Sun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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Gonçalves J, Torres N, Silva S, Gonçalves F, Noro J, Cavaco-Paulo A, Ribeiro A, Silva C. Zein impart hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties to cotton textiles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Fu Y, An Q, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Ge Y, Li D, Zhang Y. A Textile Pile Debridement Material Consisting of Polyester Fibers for in Vitro Removal of Biofilm. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061360. [PMID: 32560399 PMCID: PMC7362169 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed on skin wound lead to inflammation and a delay of healing. In the present work, a novel textile pile debridement material was prepared and treated by plasma. Samples before and after plasma treatment were characterized by a series of methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and water uptake capacity. Besides, mechanical, coagulation, and in vitro biofilm removal performances of the textile pile debridement material were evaluated, with a medical gauze as a control. The results demonstrate that the plasma treatment produced corrosions and oxygen-containing polar groups on the fiber surface, offering an enhanced water uptake capacity of the textile pile debridement material. In addition, compressive tests certify the mechanical performances of the textile pile debridement material in both dry and wet conditions. The results from a kinetic clotting time test suggest a favorable ability to promote blood coagulation. Furthermore, the results of an MTT cell viability assay, SEM, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) illustrate that the textile pile debridement material demonstrates a more superior in vitro biofilm removal performance than medical gauze. All of these characterizations suggest that the textile pile debridement material can offer a feasible application for clinical wound debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Fu
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qi An
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yue Cheng
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China;
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yan Ge
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-513-8501-2837 (D.L.); +86-513-8501-2871 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.F.); (Q.A.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, College of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-513-8501-2837 (D.L.); +86-513-8501-2871 (Y.Z.)
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