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Wang K, Tang X, Anjali BA, Dong J, Jiang J, Liu Y, Cui Y. Chiral Covalent Organic Cages: Structural Isomerism and Enantioselective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6638-6651. [PMID: 38415351 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic cages are a prominent class of discrete porous architectures; however, their structural isomerism remains relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the structural isomerism of chiral covalent organic cages that renders distinct enantioselective catalytic properties. Imine condensations of tetra-topic 5,10-di(3,5-diformylphenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine and ditopic 1,2-cyclohexanediamine produce two chiral [4 + 8] organic cage isomers with totally different topologies and geometries that depend on the orientations of four tetraaldehyde units with respect to each other. One isomer (PN-1) has an unprecedented Johnson-type J26 structure, whereas another (PN-2) adopts a tetragonal prismatic structure. After the reduction of the imine linkages, the cages are transformed into two amine bond-linked isomers PN-1R and PN-2R. After binding to Ni(II) ions, both can serve as efficient catalysts for asymmetric Michael additions, whereas PN-2R affords obviously higher enantioselectivity and reactivity than PN-1R presumably because of its large cavity and open windows that can concentrate reactants for the reactions. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that the enantioselective catalytic performance varies depending on the isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Bai Amutha Anjali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang M, He Z, Wang L, Zhang X, Li G. Isomorphous Substitution of Organic Cage Crystal by Pd Nanoclusters for Selective Hydrogenation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308400. [PMID: 37948438 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
For supporting active metal, the cavity confinement and mass transfer facilitation lie not in one sack, a trade-off between high activity and good stability of the catalyst is present. Porous organic cages (POCs) are expected to break the trade-off when metal particles are properly loaded. Herein, three organic cages (CC3, RCC3, and FT-RCC3) are employed to support Pd nanoclusters for catalytic hydrogenation. Subnanometer Pd clusters locate differently in different cage frameworks by using the same reverse double-solvents approach. Compared with those encapsulated in the intrinsic cavity of RCC3 and anchored on the outer surface of CC3, the Pd nanoclusters orderly assembled in FT-RCC3 crystal via isomorphous substitution exhibit superior activity, high selectivity, and good stability for semi-hydrogenation of phenylacetylene. Isomorphous substitution of FT-RCC3 crystal by Pd nanoclusters is originated from high crystallization capacity of FT-RCC3 and specific interaction of each Pd nanocluster with four cage windows. Both confinement function and H2 accumulation capacity of FT-RCC3 are fully utilized to support active Pd nanoclusters for efficient selective hydrogenation. The present results provide a new perspective to the heterogeneous catalysis field in terms of crystalizing metal nanoclusters in POC framework and outside the cage for making the best use of both parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zexing He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guozhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Shi H, Luo S, Ma H, Yu W, Wei X. Tuning the Properties of Metal‐Organic Cages through Platinum Nanoparticle Encapsulation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Tian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility Institutes of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243002 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Ting Luo
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility Institutes of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243002 P. R. China
| | - Hui‐Rong Ma
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility Institutes of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243002 P. R. China
| | - Weibin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility Institutes of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243002 P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Wei
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility Institutes of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243002 P. R. China
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Ubasart E, Mustieles Marin I, Asensio JM, Mencia G, López-Vinasco ÁM, García-Simón C, Del Rosal I, Poteau R, Chaudret B, Ribas X. Supramolecular nanocapsules as two-fold stabilizers of outer-cavity sub-nanometric Ru NPs and inner-cavity ultra-small Ru clusters. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:607-615. [PMID: 35389405 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00677k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNP) with high surface area and controlled shape is of paramount importance to increase their catalytic performance. The detailed growing process of NP is mostly unknown and understanding the specific steps would pave the way for a rational synthesis of the desired MNP. Here we take advantage of the stabilization properties exerted by the tetragonal prismatic supramolecular nanocapsule 8·(BArF)8 to develop a synthetic methodology for sub-nanometric RuNP (0.6-0.7 nm). The catalytic properties of these sub-nanometric nanoparticles were tested on the hydrogenation of styrene, obtaining excellent selectivity for the hydrogenation of the alkene moiety. In addition, the encapsulation of [Ru5] clusters inside the nanocapsule is strikingly observed in most of the experimental conditions, as ascertained by HR-MS. Moreover, a thorough DFT study enlightens the nature of the [Ru5] clusters as tb-Ru5H2(η6-PhH)2(η6-pyz)3 (2) trapped by two arene moieties of the clip, or as tb-Ru5H2(η1-pyz)6(η6-pyz)3 (3) trapped between the two Zn-porphyrin units of the nanocapsule. Both options fulfill the Wade-Mingos counting rules, i.e. 72 CVEs for the closotb. The trapped [Ru5] metallic clusters are proposed to be the first-grown seeds of subsequent formation of the subnanometric RuNP. Moreover, the double role of the nanocapsule in stabilising ∼0.7 nm NPs and also in hosting ultra-small Ru clusters, is unprecedented and may pave the way towards the synthesis of ultra-small metallic clusters for catalytic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ubasart
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Irene Mustieles Marin
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Manuel Asensio
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Ángela M López-Vinasco
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Romuald Poteau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), INSA-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 135 Ave. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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6
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Bhattacharya S, Basu B. Green protocols for Tsuji–Trost allylation: an overview. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Since its inception in 1960s, the Tsuji–Trost reaction, an allylic substitution reaction with diverse nucleophiles such as phenols, amines, thiols, and active methylene compounds, has remained as one of the most useful and widely used organic reactions for the construction of C–C and C–heteroatom bonds. Allylic compounds such as allylic acetates, alcohols, halides, and carbonates undergo this transformation which plays an important role in the total synthesis of various natural products. The competence to incorporate synthetically demanding allylic functionalities makes it a beneficial tool for the synthesis of complex molecules. Over the last two decades, major advancements for this unique and facile Tsuji–Trost allylation reaction have been made with special emphasis to develop greener and sustainable protocols. This chapter presents an update on the significant progress focusing on the newly designed catalytic systems with high efficiency, the use of eco-friendly solvents or solvent-free conditions, low or room temperature conditions and waste management, along with future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basudeb Basu
- Department of Chemistry , Cotton University , Guwahati 781003 , India
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7
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Saha R, Mondal B, Mukherjee PS. Molecular Cavity for Catalysis and Formation of Metal Nanoparticles for Use in Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12244-12307. [PMID: 35438968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The employment of weak intermolecular interactions in supramolecular chemistry offers an alternative approach to project artificial chemical environments like the active sites of enzymes. Discrete molecular architectures with defined shapes and geometries have become a revolutionary field of research in recent years because of their intrinsic porosity and ease of synthesis using dynamic non-covalent/covalent interactions. Several porous molecular cages have been constructed from simple building blocks by self-assembly, which undergoes many self-correction processes to form the final architecture. These supramolecular systems have been developed to demonstrate numerous applications, such as guest stabilization, drug delivery, catalysis, smart materials, and many other related fields. In this respect, catalysis in confined nanospaces using such supramolecular cages has seen significant growth over the years. These porous discrete cages contain suitable apertures for easy intake of substrates and smooth release of products to exhibit exceptional catalytic efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements in catalytic activity influenced by the nanocavities of hydrogen-bonded cages, metal-ligand coordination cages, and dynamic or reversible covalently bonded organic cages in different solvent media. Synthetic strategies for these three types of supramolecular systems are discussed briefly and follow similar and simplistic approaches manifested by simple starting materials and benign conditions. These examples demonstrate the progress of various functionalized molecular cages for specific chemical transformations in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Finally, we discuss the enduring challenges related to porous cage compounds that need to be overcome for further developments in this field of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
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8
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Xu M, Yang F. Transition Metal Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Organic Reactions within Porous Organic Cages. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Beijing Institute of Technology Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences 100081 Beijing CHINA
| | - Fanzhi Yang
- Beijing Institute of Technology Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing CHINA
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9
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Ghosh AC, Legrand A, Rajapaksha R, Craig GA, Sassoye C, Balázs G, Farrusseng D, Furukawa S, Canivet J, Wisser FM. Rhodium-Based Metal-Organic Polyhedra Assemblies for Selective CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3626-3636. [PMID: 35179874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenization of molecular catalysts via their immobilization within extended structures often results in a lowering of their catalytic properties due to a change in their coordination sphere. Metal-organic polyhedra (MOP) are an emerging class of well-defined hybrid compounds with a high number of accessible metal sites organized around an inner cavity, making them appealing candidates for catalytic applications. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy that enhances the catalytic properties of dirhodium paddlewheels heterogenized within MOP (Rh-MOP) and their three-dimensional assembled supramolecular structures, which proved to be very efficient catalysts for the selective photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Surprisingly, the catalytic activity per Rh atom is higher in the supramolecular structures than in its molecular sub-unit Rh-MOP or in the Rh-metal-organic framework (Rh-MOF) and yields turnover frequencies of up to 60 h-1 and production rates of approx. 76 mmole formic acid per gram of the catalyst per hour, unprecedented in heterogeneous photocatalysis. The enhanced catalytic activity is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization, showing that self-assembly into supramolecular polymers increases the electron density on the active site, making the overall reaction thermodynamically more favorable. The catalyst can be recycled without loss of activity and with no change of its molecular structure as shown by pair distribution function analysis. These results demonstrate the high potential of MOP as catalysts for the photoreduction of CO2 and open a new perspective for the electronic design of discrete molecular architectures with accessible metal sites for the production of solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashta C Ghosh
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rémy Rajapaksha
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G11XL Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Capucine Sassoye
- Sorbonne Université, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris-UMR 7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Farrusseng
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Yang X, Tan LX, Sun JK. Encapsulation of Metal Clusters within Porous Organic Materials: From Synthesis to Catalysis Applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101289. [PMID: 34964281 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal clusters (MCs) with dimensions between a single metal atom and nanoparticles of >2 nm usually possess distinct geometric and electronic structures, their outstanding performance in catalysis applications have underpinned a broad research interest. However, smaller-sized MCs are easily deactivated by migration coalescence during the catalysis process because of their high surface energy. Therefore, the search of an appropriate stabilizer for MCs is urgently demanded. In recent years, porous organic polymers (POPs) and organic molecular cages (OMCs), as emerging functional materials, have attracted significant attention. Benefiting from the spatial confinement, encapsulating MCs into these porous organic materials is a promising approach to guarantee the uniform size distribution and stability. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the synthetic strategies and catalysis applications of the encapsulated MCs, and seek to uncover promising ideas that can stimulate future developments at both the fundamental and applied levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Liang-Xiao Tan
- Beijing Institute of Technology, chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 8 East Liangxiang Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, Beijing, CHINA
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11
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The Ionic Organic Cage: An Effective and Recyclable Testbed for Catalytic CO2 Transformation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POC) are a class of relatively new molecular porous materials, whose concept was raised in 2009 by Cooper’s group and has rarely been directly used in the area of organic catalysis. In this contribution, a novel ionic quasi-porous organic cage (denoted as Iq-POC), a quaternary phosphonium salt, was easily synthesized through dynamic covalent chemistry and a subsequent nucleophilic addition reaction. Iq-POC was applied as an effective nucleophilic catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxides. Owing to the combined effect of the relatively large molecular weight (compared with PPh3+I−) and the strong polarity of Iq-POC, the molecular catalyst Iq-POC displayed favorable heterogeneous nature (i.e., insolubility) in this catalytic system. Therefore, the Iq-POC catalyst could be easily separated and recycled by simple centrifugation method, and the catalyst could be reused five times without obvious loss of activity. The molecular weight augmentation route in this study (from PPh3+I− to Iq-POC) provided us a “cage strategy” of designing separable and recyclable molecular catalysts.
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13
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Sharma V, Bharadwaj PK. Organic cage supported metal nanoparticles for applications. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15574-15586. [PMID: 33135698 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02998j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous shape-persistent organic cages can anchor metal nanoparticles either inside the cavity or in the external cavity generated through self-assembly. The size of these nanoparticles range from 1-2 nm depending upon the host and can be controlled within a narrow size distribution. The nanoparticles thus formed are quite stable as they are segregated efficiently preventing their association and eventual precipitation. These fine nanoparticles are found to be quite effective in catalyzing a number of organic transformations besides showing interesting emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P. 208016, India.
| | - Parimal K Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P. 208016, India.
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14
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Gou X, Liu T, Wang Y, Han Y. Ultrastable and Highly Catalytically Active N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles in Confined Spaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Xing Gou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yao‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
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15
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Gou XX, Liu T, Wang YY, Han YF. Ultrastable and Highly Catalytically Active N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles in Confined Spaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16683-16689. [PMID: 32533619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the size and surface functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) can lead to improved properties and applicability. Herein, we demonstrate the efficiency of the metal-carbene template approach (MCTA) to synthesize highly robust and soluble three-dimensional polyimidazolium cages (PICs) of different sizes, each bearing numerous imidazolium groups, and use these as templates to synthesize and stabilize catalytically active, cavity-hosted, dispersed poly-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-anchored gold NPs. Owing to the stabilization of the NHC ligands and the effective confinement of the cage cavities, the as-prepared poly-NHC-shell-encapsulated AuNPs displayed promising stability towards heat, pH, and chemical regents. Most notably, all the Au@PCCs (PCC=polycarbene cage) exhibited excellent catalytic activities in various chemical reactions, together with high stability and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Gou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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