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Abazari R, Sanati S, Bajaber MA, Javed MS, Junk PC, Nanjundan AK, Qian J, Dubal DP. Design and Advanced Manufacturing of NU-1000 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Future Perspectives for Environmental and Renewable Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306353. [PMID: 37997226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a relatively new family of materials that attract lots of attention thanks to their unique features such as hierarchical porosity, active metal centers, versatility of linkers/metal nodes, and large surface area. Among the extended list of MOFs, Zr-based-MOFs demonstrate comparably superior chemical and thermal stabilities, making them ideal candidates for energy and environmental applications. As a Zr-MOF, NU-1000 is first synthesized at Northwestern University. A comprehensive review of various approaches to the synthesis of NU-1000 MOFs for obtaining unique surface properties (e.g., diverse surface morphologies, large surface area, and particular pore size distribution) and their applications in the catalysis (electro-, and photo-catalysis), CO2 reduction, batteries, hydrogen storage, gas storage/separation, and other environmental fields are presented. The review further outlines the current challenges in the development of NU-1000 MOFs and their derivatives in practical applications, revealing areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abazari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Soheila Sanati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Majed A Bajaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Peter C Junk
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
- Schole of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deepak P Dubal
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry & Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
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Liu Y, Zhao S, Li Y, Huang J, Yang X, Wang J, Tao CA. Mechanically Enhanced Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants by a Two-Dimensional Piezoresponsive Metal-Organic Framework. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:559. [PMID: 38607094 PMCID: PMC11013765 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) refer to toxic chemical substances used in warfare. Recently, CWAs have been a critical threat for public safety due to their high toxicity. Metal-organic frameworks have exhibited great potential in protecting against CWAs due to their high crystallinity, stable structure, large specific surface area, high porosity, and adjustable structure. However, the metal clusters of most reported MOFs might be highly consumed when applied in CWA hydrolysis. Herein, we fabricated a two-dimensional piezoresponsive UiO-66-F4 and subjected it to CWA simulant dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) detoxification under sonic conditions. The results show that sonication can effectively enhance the removal performance under optimal conditions; the reaction rate constant k was upgraded 45% by sonication. Moreover, the first-principle calculation revealed that the band gap could be further widened with the application of mechanical stress, which was beneficial for the generation of 1O2, thus further upgrading the detoxification performance toward DMNP. This work demonstrated that mechanical vibration could be introduced to CWA protection, but promising applications are rarely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 430083, China; (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Cheng-an Tao
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 430083, China; (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
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Shen X, Wang Z, Gao XJ, Gao X. Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics of Nanozymes: Insights from Theory and Computation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211151. [PMID: 36641629 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
"Nanozymes" usually refers to inorganic nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activities. The research into nanozymes is one of the hot topics on the horizon of interdisciplinary science involving materials, chemistry, and biology. Although great progress has been made in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of nanozymes, the study of the underlying microscopic mechanisms and kinetics is still not straightforward. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations compute the potential energy surfaces along the reaction coordinates for chemical reactions, which can give atomistic-level insights into the micro-mechanisms and kinetics for nanozymes. Therefore, DFT calculations have been playing an increasingly important role in exploring the mechanisms and kinetics for nanozymes in the past years. The calculations either predict the microscopic details for the catalytic processes to complement the experiments or further develop theoretical models to depict the physicochemical rules. In this review, the corresponding research progress is summarized. Particularly, the review focuses on the computational studies that closely interplay with the experiments. The relevant experimental results without DFT calculations will be also briefly discussed to offer a historic overview of how the computations promote the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms and kinetics of nanozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuejiao J Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Ma D, Wei X, Li J, Cao Z. Enhancing CO 2 Hydrogenation Using a Heterogeneous Bimetal NiAl-Deposited Metal-Organic Framework NU-1000: Insights from First-Principles Calculations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:915-922. [PMID: 38152032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of CO2 to high-value-added liquid fuels is crucial for greenhouse gas emission reduction and optimal utilization of carbon resources. Developing supported heterogeneous catalysts is a key strategy in this context, as they offer well-defined active sites for in-depth mechanistic studies and improved catalyst design. Here, we conducted extensive first-principles calculations to systematically explore the reaction mechanisms for CO2 hydrogenation on a heterogeneous bimetal NiAl-deposited metal-organic framework (MOF) NU-1000 and its catalytic performance as atomically dispersed catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid (HCOOH), formaldehyde (H2CO), and methanol (CH3OH). The present results reveal that the presence of the NiAl-oxo cluster deposited on NU-1000 efficiently activates H2, and the facile heterolysis of H2 on Ni and adjacent O sites serves as a precursor to the hydrogenation of CO2 into various C1 products HCOOH, H2CO, and CH3OH. Generally, H2 activation is the rate-determining step in the entire CO2 hydrogenation process, the corresponding relatively low free energy barriers range from 14.5 to 15.9 kcal/mol, and the desorption of products on NiAl-deposited NU-1000 is relatively facile. Although the Al atom does not directly participate in the reaction, its presence provides exposed oxygen sites that facilitate the heterolytic cleavage of H2 and the hydrogenation of C1 intermediates, which plays an important role in enhancing the catalytic activity of the Ni site. The present study demonstrates that the catalytic performance of NU-1000 can be finely tuned by depositing heterometal-oxo clusters, and the porous MOF should be an attractive platform for the construction of atomically dispersed catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Ma
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315336, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315336, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Li
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315336, P. R. China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, P. R. China
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Mian MR, Wang X, Wang X, Kirlikovali KO, Xie H, Ma K, Fahy KM, Chen H, Islamoglu T, Snurr RQ, Farha OK. Structure-Activity Relationship Insights for Organophosphonate Hydrolysis at Ti(IV) Active Sites in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7435-7445. [PMID: 36919617 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are among the most toxic chemicals known and remain threats to humans due to their continued use despite international bans. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of heterogeneous catalysts with tunable structures that are capable of rapidly detoxifying these chemicals via hydrolysis at Lewis acidic active sites on the metal nodes. To date, the majority of studies in this field have focused on zirconium-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) that contain hexanuclear Zr(IV) clusters, despite the large toolbox of Lewis acidic transition metal ions that are available to construct MOFs with similar catalytic properties. In particular, very few reports have disclosed the use of a Ti-based MOF (Ti-MOF) as a catalyst for this transformation even though Ti(IV) is a stronger Lewis acid than Zr(IV). In this work, we explored five Ti-MOFs (Ti-MFU-4l, NU-1012-NDC, MIL-125, Ti-MIL-101, MIL-177(LT), and MIL-177(HT)) that each contains Ti(IV) ions in unique coordination environments, including monometallic, bimetallic, octanuclear, triangular clusters, and extended chains, as catalysts to explore how both different node structures and different linkers (e.g., azolate and carboxylate) influence the binding and subsequent hydrolysis of an organophosphorus nerve agent simulant at Ti(IV)-based active sites in basic aqueous solutions. Experimental and theoretical studies confirm that Ti-MFU-4l, which contains monometallic Ti(IV)-OH species, exhibits the best catalytic performance among this series with a half-life of roughly 2 min. This places Ti-MFU-4l as one of the best nerve agent hydrolysis catalysts of any MOF reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rasel Mian
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingjie Wang
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaikai Ma
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kira M Fahy
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Iliescu A, Oppenheim JJ, Sun C, Dincǎ M. Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Solid-Gas Reactions. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6197-6232. [PMID: 36802581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of site-isolated and well-defined metal sites has enabled the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts that can be rationally modulated. Because MOFs can be addressed and manipulated through molecular synthetic pathways, they are chemically similar to molecular catalysts. They are, nevertheless, solid-state materials and therefore can be thought of as privileged solid molecular catalysts that excel in applications involving gas-phase reactions. This contrasts with homogeneous catalysts, which are overwhelmingly used in the solution phase. Herein, we review theories dictating gas phase reactivity within porous solids and discuss key catalytic gas-solid reactions. We further treat theoretical aspects of diffusion within confined pores, the enrichment of adsorbates, the types of solvation spheres that a MOF might impart on adsorbates, definitions of acidity/basicity in the absence of solvent, the stabilization of reactive intermediates, and the generation and characterization of defect sites. The key catalytic reactions we discuss broadly include reductive reactions (olefin hydrogenation, semihydrogenation, and selective catalytic reduction), oxidative reactions (oxygenation of hydrocarbons, oxidative dehydrogenation, and carbon monoxide oxidation), and C-C bond forming reactions (olefin dimerization/polymerization, isomerization, and carbonylation reactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Iliescu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincǎ
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Li QZ, Fan H, Wang Z, Zheng JJ, Fan K, Yan X, Gao X. Mechanism and Kinetics-Guided Discovery of Nanometal Scissors to Cut Phosphoester Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing100190, China
| | - Huizhen Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing100190, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing100190, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing100190, China
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Polyoxometalates and Metal–Organic Frameworks Based Dual-Functional Catalysts for Detoxification of Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Sulfide and Organophosphorus Agents. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-021-09347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Singh A, Saini S, Mayank, Kaur N, Singh A, Singh N, Jang DO. Paraoxonase Mimic by a Nanoreactor Aggregate Containing Benzimidazolium Calix and l-Histidine: Demonstration of the Acetylcholine Esterase Activity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5737-5744. [PMID: 33350530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An anion-mediated preorganization approach was used to design and synthesize the benzimidazolium-based calix compound R1⋅2 ClO4 - . X-ray crystallography analysis revealed that the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the benzimidazolium cations and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) helped R1⋅2 ClO4 - encapsulate DMF molecule(s). A nanoreactor, with R1⋅2 ClO4 - and l-histidine (l-His) as the components, was fabricated by using a neutralization method. The nanoreactor could detoxify paraoxon in 30 min. l-His played a vital role in this process. Paraoxonase is a well-known enzyme used for pesticide degradation. The Ellman's reagent was used to determine the percentage inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the presence of the nanoreactor. The results indicated that the nanoreactor inhibited AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Sanjeev Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Mayank
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ajnesh Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Jawaharlal Nehru Govt. Eng. College, Sundernagar, 175018, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Roopnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Doo Ok Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
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Ebrahim AM, Plonka AM, Rui N, Hwang S, Gordon WO, Balboa A, Senanayake SD, Frenkel AI. Capture and Decomposition of the Nerve Agent Simulant, DMCP, Using the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58326-58338. [PMID: 33327718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) is an area of intense research aimed at developing new filtration materials to protect soldiers and civilians in case of state-sponsored or terrorist attack. In this study, we employed complementary structural, chemical, and dynamic probes and in situ data collection, to elucidate the complex chemistry, capture, and decomposition of the CWA simulant, dimethyl chlorophosphonate (DMCP). Our work reveals key details of the reactive adsorption of DMCP and demonstrates the versatility of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) as a plausible material for CWA capture and decomposition. The in situ synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) studies, combined with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zinc K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and Raman spectroscopies, showed that the unique structure, chemical state, and topology of ZIF-8 enable accessibility, adsorption, and hydrolysis of DMCP into the pores and revealed the importance of linker chemistry and Zn2+ sites for nerve agent decomposition. DMCP decontamination and decomposition product(s) formation were observed by thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and phosphorus (P) K-edge XANES studies. Differential PDF analysis indicated that the average structure of ZIF-8 (at the 30 Å scale) remains unchanged after DMCP dosing and provided information on the dynamics of interactions of DMCP with the ZIF-8 framework. Using in situ PXRD and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), we showed that nearly 90% regeneration of the ZIF-8 structure and complete liberation of DMCP and decomposition products occur upon heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Anna M Plonka
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Electron Microscopy Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Wesley O Gordon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Alex Balboa
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Sanjaya D Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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